p. 428plans and specifications which had been inspected by builders and plumbers who bid for the work, which had been let some time prior to June 20, 1891. on which date the defendants wrote and sent the following letter to R. O. Alexander, who had charge of the work for the owners:“Gable Address: ‘Irisknack.’■“The Durham House Drainage Company of New York, 158-160 West 27th“Trade-Mark: D. H. D. Go.“New York, June 20, 1891.“R. 0. Alexander, Esq., Secretary Mail & Express Co.—Dear Sir: We beg to submit the following statement: In the spring of 1890 we called the attention of Messrs. Carrere and Hastings, architects, to the superiority of our drainage work, and as a result of the favorable opinion formed by their engineer, Mr. ■Geo. Hill, the Durham system of house drainage was specified to be used in the Pierce building, at the N. W. corner of Franklin and Hudson streets; and later the plumbing specification of the Mail & Express building also was drawn to include in its entirety om wrought-iron pipe drainage. The contract for the Pierce building, including plumbing, was awarded to Mr. Wills, who sublet the plumbing to one James Armstrong, who for several years has made a practice of imitating our system as closely as he dared without risking the consequences of infringement. When we learned that Armstrong had been selected to do the plumbing, we promptly notified Mi. Hill that he (Armstrong) would probably not apply to us to furnish the drainage system as specified, but attempt to furnish his own! imitation instead; and Mr. Hill promised to notify Mr. Wills to suspend his selection of Armstrong as plumber until the matter could be investigated. When the Pierce building was about ready for the plumbing work, not having been able to secure satisfactory action from Mr. Hill, our attorneys, Messrs. Cannon & Atwater, notified Messrs. Carrere & Hastings that, if Armstrong attempted to construct the drainage work as specified, their client (the owner of the building) would be liable for damages for infringement. They replied that they had changed the specifications, and should allow Mr. Armstrong to proceed. We are now informed that Mr. Wills is the contractor for the Mail & Express building, and that he has selected Armstrong to do the plumbing. Under the circumstances we should be derelict in our obligations to the other bidders if we failed to appeal to Col. Shepard to forbid any similar change in the published specifications for the purpose of favoring the contractor, and to veto the selection of Armstrong as plumber, unless he should agree to furnish the work called for by the spec fications. The following builders and plumbers applied to us for our price for constructing the drainage system as specified, viz.: Richard Deeves, builder; Byrne & Tucker, plumbers; John Tourney & Son, plumbers; J. N. ICnight & Son, plumbers; W. R. Bracken, plumber; Cook & McCormack, plumbers. Mr. Armstrong did not ask us for a quotation. It is therefore evident that he made his price with the understanding that he would not be required to adhere to the specifications, and that the Pierce building precedent would be followed in this case. On this basis he could quote his patron a much lower price than could the first-class firms above named, who accepted the specifications literally; and the builders using their bids were correspondingly handicapped. Any departure from the intent of the drainage specification will be at the owner’s cost. Mr. Hill may have good reasons for changing his mind, and preferring a botched and scamped piece of work to that which he described in his, specifications; but he has selected an unfortunate time to declare the change, and in that opinion he will stand alone as an engineer. Among contractors his action could only be construed very unfavorably. We beg to assure you that this protest is not dictated from any sense of loss, but from indignation that we should be made use of as a club with which to knock ■out honest bidders. And we trust that this appeal will have the effect of preventing the consummation of a purpose which it is amazing should be contemplated by any person valuing his reputation.“Very respectfully, Durham House Drainage Go.,By O. W. Durham, President.”
p. 429At the date of this letter the Durham House Drainage Company was, and for some time had been, a domestic corporation, of which Caleb W. Durham was president. The defendants, by their answer, admitted the publication of the letter, and alleged that it was not composed or published maliciously; but in the course of the business of the defendant corporation to prevent its business from being injured by the substitution of inferior work for its work, which was called for by the specifications for the Mail and Express building. These matters were alleged as a defense and in mitigation of damages. Upon the trial of the issues so joined the plaintiff had a verdict for $2,500, on which a judgment was entered.Argued before O’BRIEK, P. J., and FOLLETT and PARKER, JJ,Alfred B. Cruikshank, for appellants.
David McClure, for respondent.
The defense interposed by the answer is that the statements contained in the letter are true, were published without malice, and that the circumstances under which the letter was written rendered it a prima facie privileged communication. There are two classes of privileged communications: (1) Those which are absolutely privileged, and for the publication of which an action cannot be maintained, no matter what the motive of the author may be. Within this class are accurate publications of the proceedings of courts of record and legislative bodies, and the statements of judges, witnesses, and jurors made on trials in courts of record. (2) Communications which are prima facie privileged. Among this class are statements necessary to protect one’s private interests, and statements of one having an interest in the - subject-matter of the communication made to another having an interest in the same-matter. Prima facie privileged communications are subdivided into two kinds: (1) Those which relate to matters of public interest, and (2) those which relate to purely private interests. The communication in this case, if it be prima facie privileged, falls within the second subdivision of the second class. In case a communication is prima facie privileged, the existence or nonexistence of malice on the part of the defendant is a question of fact, and the plaintiff, before he can recover, must affirmatively establish, to the satisfaction of the jury, that the publication complained of was made through malice. This may be shown by the communication, by the circumstances under which it was written, and it may be inferred from a variety of facts. There are two questions involved in the issue whether a communication is prima facie privileged. One is, was the occasion on which it was made privileged? (2) Did the communication go beyond what the occasion justified, or did it exceed the privilege? The communication complained of related to the introduction of a system of drainage and plumbing for two buildings, the specifications for the construction of which called for the use of the defendants’ system. In both cases other systems of drainage had been substituted, to the defendants’ loss. The communication was made to the secretary of the Mail and Express Company, which was engaged in erecting one of the buildings. The occasion was privileged. Did the publication go beyond the occasion, or, in other words, was more written than the occasion—the
p. 430facts—justified? This depended upon the terms of the communication and the facts outside of it, and was an issue of fact for the jury. However, the case was not submitted to the jury on that theory, but, on the contrary, the court charged:
“This letter related to Mr. Hill, the plaintiff, in his business capacity; and I charge you that the words therein contained are libelous per se, and that he is entitled to maintain this action; and, being entitled to maintain the action, the next question which arises is as to the damages which he has sustained.”
To this instruction the defendants excepted. In this the court erred, for, under defendants’ evidence tending in support of the letter, it could not be affirmed, as a matter of law, that the question was not privileged, and that the communication exceeded the privilege. The judgment and order should be reversed, and a new trial granted, with costs to the appellants to abide the event.' All concur.