Rutherford v. Soop

In Bucklin v. Chapin, 1 Bans. 443, it was held that a reference under the statute stands in place of an action, and the entry of an order to refer must be deemed its commencement. In Tracy v. Suydam, 30 Barb. 110 , it was held that, where parties agree to refer under the statute—

“The agreement to refer need not notice matters of defense to the claim. The account presented is, in effect, the plaintiff’s complaint; and, there being no pleadings, and no provision in the statute for pleadings, the defendant is limited to no particular defense; and, consequently, any and every legal defense against the claim must necessarily be available.”

“And every species of legal proof adapted to show the injustice of the claim, or its invalidity as a whole or in degree or amount, is admissible. And the executors are at liberty to make any defense that their testator could himself make, if alive, and the same were properly pleaded, in an action upon such claim.”

In Roe v. Boyle, 81 N. Y. 307 , a similar reference had been ordered, and the court said:

“This is not an ordinary proceeding. It is specially regulated by statute. 2 Bev. St. 89, 90. It cannot be commenced by summons. It can only be commenced by the consent of the parties and the approval of the surrogate. It can be tried in no other way than before a referee. There are no pleadings, and the representatives of the estate proceeded against can prove against the claim any defense which they have without pleading it in any form.”

In Mowry v. Peet, 88 N. Y. 454 , it was said .that:

“In trying and adjudicating upon these matters which are within the scope of the reference, the statute (2 Bev. St. p. 88, § 36) confers on the referee and the court the same powers as if the reference had been made in an action; but the proceeding is not an action.”

Section 36 of the Revised Statutes (volume 3, 6th Ed., p. 2299), provided for an agreement being entered into, and for the qntry of an order; and section 37 provided that the referee should proceed to hear and determine the matter, and that the proceedings should be the same in all respects, and the referee should have the same powers, and be entitled to the same compensation and subject to the same control, “as if the reference had been made in an action in which such court might by law direct a reference.” In references under that statute it was held by the court of appeals in two cases that a bill of particulars could not be required (Townsend v. Insurance Co., 4 Civ. Proc. R. 403; Eldred v. Eames, 115 N. Y. 403 , 22 N. E. 216 ), and in the latter case it was held that the referees—

“Could not change the items of an account presented and referred. The exercise of such power by the referee would enable a claimant to obtain a reference of claims against an estate without the consent of the defendant or the approval of the surrogate, which is made by the statute the condition of such a proceeding. It is the claim which is rejected by the executor that may be referred, and none other.”

In Gilbert v. Comstock, 93 N. Y. 484 , it was held that prior to the Code of Civil Procedure—

“A contestant of a claim presented by an executor against the estate was not required to present a written answer or formal objections. The claim was open to any answer of defense, and was subject to be defeated if, at the testator’s death, the statute of limitations had run against it.”

In chapter 686 of the Laws' of 1893, approved May 11, 1893, section 2718 of the Code of Civil Procedure was amended, and, as amended, contained the following language:

“If the executor or administrator doubts the justice of any such claim, he may enter into an agreement in writing with the claimant to refer the matter in controversy to one or more disinterested persons, to be approved by the surrogate. On filing such agreement and approval in the office of the clerk of the supreme court in the county in which the parties or either of them reside, an order shall be entered by the clerk referring the matter in controversy to the person or persons so selected. On the entry of such order the proceeding shall become an action in the supreme court. The same proceed

ings shall be had in all respects, the referees shall have the same powers, be entitled to the same compensation, and subject to the same control as if the reference had been made in an action in which such court might, by law, direct a reference.”

It is contended by the learned counsel for the appellant that immediately upon the entry of an order for a reference “the matter became and was an action in the supreme court in every sense, and in respect to all proceedings,” and in support of his contention he calls our attention to Adams v. Olin, 29 N. Y. Supp. 131 , 78 Hun, 309 ; and the judge who delivered the opinion in that case, in respect to a question of costs, stated that the proceeding ceased to be a special proceeding, and became an action, and was to be tried as sutih in respect to all subsequent proceedings. We find nothing, however, in the opinion, which indicates that the section was construed in any respect, except so far as it relates to a different rule as to costs from the one existing under the Revised Statutes. Nor do we find anything in the language of the section which indicates an intention on the part of the legislature to overturn the well-settled rule as appears by the cases to which we have already referred, and numerous other cases, to have obtained in regard to such' references. We are of the opinion that the claim, the rejection thereof, and the stipulation to refer are to be treated as superseding the necessity of pleadings on either side, and that the party rejecting the claim is at liberty to assert any defense, and that nothing is found in the section as amended which requires either party to furnish pleadings, and that the contention of the appellant is unsound, and the conclusion reached at the special term was correct. Although the statute in terms provides that “on the entry of such order the proceeding shall become an action in the supreme court,” we think what has transpired in relation to the issues between the parties remains in full force and vigor, and that neither the plaintiff is required to serve a complaint nor the defendant an answer. We may appropriately repeat the language used in Eldred v. Eames, supra, where it is said:

“It is the claim which is rejected by the executor that may be referred, and none other. If the power of amendment is allowed, the whole subject of the controversy may be changed during the trial, to the manifest detriment of the defendant, and in violation of statutory authority to order a reference. The trial might thus be had upon claims that were not presented to or rejected by the executor, and whose reference was never approved by the surrogate. These conditions are made, by the statute, essential to the power to refer, and cannot be dispensed with or subverted. The distinction between statutory references and others, which are inherent in the nature of the proceeding, is not obliterated by the general language of the statute giving referees therein the same powers possessed by referees in actions.”

The plaintiff has availed herself of a provision of the statute for a reference, with a view, doubtless, of obtaining a more summary determination of her claim, and it must be assumed that such course was adopted for proper reasons, and with the expectation that the provisions of law would apply to such a reference. If she had preferred to have the rules and practice in actions apply from the beginning to the end of her efforts to recover her claim, she might have brought an action, instead of joining with the executor