Mead v. Martens

tion by other owners constitutes a defect in the title of the premises as they were contracted to be conveyed. The argument in support of this claim proceeds upon the theory that the plaintiff’s premises have an equitable easement in the lots'of the other owners, which confers ” a right of enforcement of the restrictions, and that the defendant is entitled to have the restrictions enforced, not only upon the .land conveyed, but upon the adjoining lots. It appears that the defendant was familiar with the Chester Hill restrictions, and knew their nature ■ and extent. It is not averred in the answer, nor was any claim made upon the trial, that plaintiff’s lot was lessened in value by the violation of the restrictions, or that defendant did or could suffer any damages therefrom. It is not every defect in a title which will relieve a purchaser from perfecting his purchase. The defect must be of a substantial character, from which the purchaser suffers, or may suffer, some injury. He is entitled to the substantial benefit of his contract, and to receive unimpaired what he is entitled to take thereby. But of immaterial defects, from which he suffers no injury, and which do not diminish, in quantity, quality, or value, the thing contracted for, he can make no legal complaint. Biggs v. Pursell, 66 H. Y. 193. In the present case the defendant malees no claim to damage in any respect, beyond the fact that the violation of the restriction by others is substantial, and therefore damage may be inferred. This claim is not tenable. The restriction created an incumbrance upon the plaintiff’s property, but the contract provided for that, and the conveyance was subject thereto. The violation of the restrictive covenant by others subject to the same restriction did not have the effect of creating an incumbrance upon the plaintiff’s property, nor does it constitute a defect in the title. It is not among any of the incumbrances known to the law. 3 Washb. Beal Prop. (5th Ed.) p. 491 et seq. Bestrictions upon land may be created by covenant, and in some cases by oral agreement. Owners of adjoining lands may acquire such an interest by reason of reciprocal arrangements as will give them an easement therein, and constitute the same an incumbrance upon the land. Trustees v. Lynch, 70 ti. Y. 440. But this right is made to depend upon the agreement of the parties, and there is always found present some legal relation, as privity of contract or estate. We are cited to no case, and can find no reason for holding, that the mere restriction of the use of one’s own property to a particular purpose or in a particular manner can create an incumbrance upon the same land, on account of the violation by an adjoining owner whose land is subject to the same restriction, in the absence of a relation creating a privity of contract or estate, or other legal relation creating some interest therein. The logical result of such a holding would be to say that, if one owned land subject to a general restrictive covenant common to a large number of adjoining owners, a breach by one owner of the covenant would create an incumbrance upon all of the land of the adjoining owners. It is the first time that we have met with the assertion that a wrongful act of one owner creates an incumbrance upon the land of his neighbor. This view is opposed to the general theory upon which restrictive covenants, such as in this case, are made. They are pre

sumed to be beneficial to the enjoyment of the property, by devoting its use to a specific purpose, which its location renders desirable, with a consequent enhancement in value. It may be that the presumption will fail, but it has never been supposed that such covenant was possessed of other effect than to restrict the use of the land in the manner prescribed, and give the legal right to insist upon its observance by all others whose lands are subject thereto. It would be a startling innovation on the effect of such a covenant to hold that its breach by wrongful act could work the result of incumbering all the other land. "We find no ground upon which to support such a contention. The plaintiff offered to pay the contractor for changing the heaters, if the defendant would execute the contract. But the defendant refused to carry out the contract, whether this sum was paid or not; and it is quite evident from all the testimony that he proposed to avoid the contract, and not fulfill its terms. There does not appear to be any equity in the defendant’s position. He made a fair contract, and now seeks to avoid it by the interposition of unsubstantial excuses of matters of which he undoubtedly had notice when he made the agreement. It is quite-probable that the plaintiff would have paid the sum required if the defendant would, upon payment, have fulfilled upon his part. However this may be, the judgment protects the defendant in this respect, and requires payment as a condition of the conveyance, so he cannot suffer, and the discretionary power of the court in this regard was well exercised.. Bennet v. Bennet, 10 App. Div. 550 , 42 N. Y. Supp. 435 .

The judgment is right, and should be affirmed, with costs. All concur.