Avery v. Everett

We concur in the conclusion of the courts below that by the true construction of the will of John H. gouthwick, his son Charles H. gouthwick took, upon the testator’s death a vested remainder in fee, limited upon the life estate of his mother in the premises in question, subject however, to be defeated by a condition subsequent^ viz: his death without children, in which event the substituted remainder given on that contingency to Augustus gouthwick, the son of the testator’s brother Nathan, would vest in possession thereby displacing the prior fée given to the testator’s son Charles. Vanderzee v. Slingerland, 103 N. Y., 47 ; 2 N. Y. State Rep., 732; In re N. Y., L. and W. R. R. Co., 105 N. Y., 89 ; 7 N. Y. State Rep., 864. The plaintiff claims under the devise to Augustus gouthwick, The widow of the testator died geptember 1, 1869, after the death of her husband. Charles H. gouthwick is still living, unmarried and without children. If nothing further appeared the plaintiff’s action would necessarily fail for the reason that the contingency had not happened upon which the estate of Augustus gouthwick is limited, and the defendant George Everett, who is the lessee of Charles H. gouthwick, would vbe entitled to judgment. The plaintiff, to obviate this apparent difficulty, proved that Charles H. gouthwick in October, 1875, was convicted of the crime of murder in the second degree and was thereupon sentenced to imprisonment in the state prison at Auburn for the term of his natural life, and from that time has been imprisoned pursuant to such sentence.

The plaintiff contends that as the life estate of the widow was terminated by her death, and as Charles H., on his sentence to imprisoment for life became civilly dead, the contingent estate given by the will to Augustus gouthwick in case “Charles H., should die without children,” became an actual fee.

Assuming that a civil death consequent upon a sentence to imprisonment for life, operates eo instanti to divest the person sentenced of his estate, a point we shall hereafter consider, there is still another question, viz: whether such a death was contemplated by the testator, and whether the words of limitation to Augustus gouthwick are to be construed as applying to a civil or only to the natural death of

It is said by Coke (Co. Litt. § 200), speaking of the two species of death, mors civilis and mors naturalis, that to “ oust all scruples, leases for life are ever made during the natural life,” etc. We have found no authority upon the construction of the word death, in a will as applied to circumstances like these in the present case. We deem it unnecessary to decide the point suggested, as we are of opinion that the title of Charles H. Southwick to his land was not divested as a consequence of his sentence to imprisonment for life, and it follows, as a necessary consequence from this premise, that Augustus Southwick, or his grantee, has no present vested interest upon which to maintain ejectment. The Revised Statutes declare that a person sentenced to imprisonment for life “ shall thereafter be deemed civilly dead.” (2 Rev, St. 701, §20). This provision was re-enacted in the Penal Code (sec. 708). The only statutory provision on this subject existing in this state prior to the Revised Statutes, is found in an act passed March 29, 1799, which enacted that in all cases where a person shall be convicted and attainted of any felony thereafter committed and adjudged to imprisonment for life in the state prison, “ such person shall be deemed and taken to be civilly dead to all intents and purposes in the law,” and the statute of 1799, remained unchanged, until the provision in the Revised Statutes to which we have referred, was substituted (1 Rev. Laws of 1813, 411). In the absence of any legislation on the subject, the common law consequences of a conviction for felony attached in this state, and remained until abrogated or changed by constitution or statute (2 Kent, 386). By the common law the civil death of the offender was one of the consequences of attainder for treason or felony, and in Troup v. Wood (4 Jo. Ch. 248), the chancellor seemed to entertain no doubt that on a conviction in this state prior to 1799, of an offense which was a felony at common law, the common law incident of civil death attached, and this, as well where the statute had changed the punishment from death to imprisonment for life, as in the case of a capital sentence.

To ascertain the meaning of the phrase “ civil death,” as used in the Revised Statutes, and whether the statute on a sentence of an offender to imprisonment for life, operates eo insianti to divest him of his estate, it is important to con

The doctrine of corruption of blood was of feudal origin, introduced after the Norman conquest. The blood of the attainted person was deemed to be corrupt, so that neither could he transmit his estate to his heirs, nor could they take by descent from the ancestor. The crime of the attainted felon was deemed a breach of the implied condition in the donation of the feud, dum bene se gesserit, and the descent to his heirs being interrupted by the corruption of blood, his lands escheated to the lord. But this escheat was subordinate to the prior and superior law of forfeiture. Comyn, Tit. Forfeiture K; 2 Bl. Com., 252; 2 Chitty’s Crim. Law, 723-728; 1 Broom & Had. Com., 404; 1 Salk., 85. The incident of civil death attended every attainder of treason or felony, whereby, in the language of Lord Coke, the attainted person “is disabled to bring any action, for he is extra legem positus, and is accounted in law civiliter mortuus? ’ (Co. Litt., § 199, note), or as stated by Chitty (1 Grim. Law, 724) , “he is disqualified from being a witness, can bring no action, nor perform any legal function, he is in short regarded as dead in law.” The forfeiture of the estate of the attainted felon to the king or to the lord, was not it would seem a consequence of the situation in which he was placed, of cimliter mortuus, but proceeded upon distinct and independent reasons, and this we think is rendered plain when we consider how the law of forfeiture was construed.

The attainted person was not divested of his lands till office found. This is very distinctly held in Nichols v. Nichols (Plowd. 486), where the question was put, “if the possession in deed or law of the lands of a person, attainted of treason, should not be in the king before office found, in whom should it be by the course of the common law in the life of the person attainted,” and it was held that the freehold of such lands would be in fact in the person attainted, so long as he should five; “for,” the court say, “as he hath

In Bac. Abr. Title Wills and Testament, B., it is said that “however the wills of traitors, aliens, felons, and outlawed persons, are void as to the King or lord that has the right to the lands or goods by forfeiture, yet the will is good against the testator himself, and all others, but such person only ” (see, also, Vin. Abr., Title Attainder; 1 Jas. [5th ed.] Bigelow, 42). An attainted person could also demise his lands before office found. This was expressly held in Doe v. Pritchard (5 B. & Ad. 765), citing a passage from Perkins “that a man attainted of felony or murder may make a grant of a rent, or common, or a feoffment, and the same shall bind all persons but the king and the lord of whom the land is holden.” So a person attainted could take lands by devise or purchase. He could be grantor or grantee, after attainder, and the grant would be good as" against all persons except the king (Vin. Abr., Title Attainder; Shep. Touch, 231; Perkins 26, 48). He could not sue, but could be sued (Vin. Abr., supra), and his body could be taken in execution, subject, however, to the paramount claims of public justice (1 Chitty’s Crim. Law, 725; Davis v. Duffie, 1 Abb. Ct. Appeal Cases, 486). He could make no contract which he could enforce. In Kynnaird v. Leslie (1 Com. Pleas., L. R., 389), it was said by Willes, J., “moreover, an attainted person is not incapable of contracting, though he cannot pray in aid of the king’s courts to enforce his contracts. He can contract with those whose consciences bind them to fulfill their engagements, and he can take a grant or grant to others even the inheritance which on office found would escheat to the crown; and the rights so acquired by third parties may be the subject of an action in her majesty’s courts, and his contracts may be enforced against him.” In the case last cited it was held that when one attainted of treason escaped to a foreign country, and there married and had children, and was afterwards executed on the same attainder, the marriage was valid and the children legitimate, and that they could inherit from each other, since they were not compelled to trace the inheritance through the ancestor. It seems to be a necessary conclusion from the rules of the common law governing rights of property as affected by forfeiture for crime, that civil death, one of the consequences of conviction for treason or felony, did not, of itself, as a general rule at least, operate to divest the offender of his title to his lands.

This would be inconsistent with the settled doctrine that an attainted person retained his title and possession till office found, and that meanwhile he could make a grant or demise,

The appellant to sustain his contention that by-the common law civil death consequent upon attainder, operated eo instanti to divest the title of the offender tc his lands, relies upon the text of Littleton (§ 200), and the commentaries- of Lord Coke. Littleton in the section cited, speaking of the classes of persons who cannot maintain an action, mentions as the fifth class, persons who have entered into religion and become monks professed. Such a person, he says, “is dead in the law and his sonne or next cousin incontinent shall inherit him as well as though he were dead indeed. And when he entereth into religion he may make his testament and his executors; and they may have an action of debt due to him before his entry into religion, or any other action that executors may have, as if he were dead indeed; and if he make no executors when he entereth into religion, then the ordinary may commit the administration of his goods to others as if he were dead indeed.”

The doctrine that persons entering into religion and becoming monks professed, were civilly dead, proceeded on the ground that as they thereby renounced all secular concerns and held themselves freed from the obligations resting upon other members of civil society, they should be treated as though they were dead in fact and in having surrendered all their civil rights. 1 Bl. Com., 132.

Coke in commenting on the passage from Littleton above quoted, says: “And here it is to be observed that an abjuration, that is a deportation forever into a forreine land like 1 to profession (whereof our author speaketh here), is a civil death, and that is the reason that the wife may bring an action, etc., and so it is if by an act of parliament the husband be attainted of treason or felony, and saving his life, is banished, this is a civil death and the wife may sue as a femme sole.”

It will be observed that Coke adds two instances of civil death to the one mentioned by Littleton, namely, abjuration and banishment on attainder by act of parliament.. But in his note to section 199, already quoted, he declares that every person attainted of high treason, petit treason, or felony, is accounted in law, “ civiliter mortuus.”

The fair conclusion from a comparison of these passages

This seems to have been the interpretation of Blackstone, whom the enumeration of the causes of civil death, in which the next heir inherits the estate as though the ancestor was absolutely dead, mentions the three cases of profession, abjuration and banishment, and no others. 1 Bl. Com., 132.

In case of profession the civil death was not a consequence of crime. Abjuration which was connected with the law of sanctury, was a method by which a criminal escaped punishment on condition of taking an oath of abjuration and leaving the realm forever. Banishment on attainder by act of parliament was a power only exerted in rare instances. Both sanctuary and abjuration were abolished by statutes Jas. 1, chap., 25, and 20 Jas. 1, chap., 18. The statute (54 Geo., 3, chap., 45), abolished forfeiture of lands and corruption of blood in every case except treason, petit treason and murder, “so that,” as said by Chitty, writing soon after the passage of that statute, “at the present day on attainder of ordinary felony the criminal forfeits only his goods and chattels and the profits of land during life, while bis real estate comes in the ordinary channels to his heir, who is thus restored to the full capacity to inherit. 1 Chi tty’s Grim., Law 735. Still later the statute (33 and 34 Vict., chap., 23) swept away the whole doctrine of attainder, corruption of blood and forfeiture, except forfeiture consequent on outlawry and the same statute provided for the administration of the estate of the convicted felon by trustees for the benefit of his children and the support of his family. Under this statute the real property of a traitor or felon, remains his own, subject to the temporary estate of the trustees, and he may dispose of it by his will, but by the statute he is incapable of alienating or charging his property, or of making any contract. 1 Jarman, 5th ed., Bigelow, 44.

It is a suggestive fact bearing upon the point we are considering, that no case is to be found either before or after the statute 54 Geo., 3, in which it has been held that a conviction of felony cast the descent of the felon’s land upon his heirs, as though he was dead in fact. And since the statutes 33 and 34 Viet., it is certain that such a doctrine has been unknown to the law of England. That statute assumed that the title of the felon to his lands was not divested by his conviction.

It remains to consider how the question stands in the light of our own statutes and decisions. The cases on the

_ The Chancellor in his opinion, after stating this conclusive ground of judgment, proceeded further to say that the sales were also void for another reason, viz.: that the scire facias to revive the judgment against Platner was directed to him, whereas as. by his conviction and sentence to imprisonment for life, he became civilly dead, it should have been directed, “to his representatives and to the terre-ten.ants.” This plainly implied that the Chancellor then entertained the opinion that a civil death consequent upon a conviction of felony, divested the offender’s estate and the heirs immediately inherited, as in case of actual death, forfeiture and corruption of blood having been previously abolished in this state, except forfeiture for a limited time in case of treason.

The subsequent case of Platner v. Sherwood was brought by Platner after his pardon, to set aside sales of other lands made during his imprisonment under the same judgments and executions, as in the former case, the title to such lands having been in him at the time of his conviction and sentence.

The defendant demurred to the bill on the ground that the plaintiff was divested of his estate in the lands by his conviction and imprisonment and that his heirs were the parties in interest. It is plain that the demurrer was good, provided the chancellor was correct in his opinion in the former case as to the effect of civil death at common law in divesting the estate of a convicted felon. But the chancellor on reconsideration, reversed his previous ruling on this point and held that at common law that consequence did not follow the situation of civiliter mortuus, except in the special cases to which we have referred. He, therefore, sustained the bill, suggesting as a reason for his misapprehension in the former case, that the statute of March 29,

The case, In re Deming ( 10 Johns., 232 ), presented the-question of the effect of a pardon of a person convicted of a felony and sentenced to imprisonment for life, upon hiS' right to the guardianship of his infant child, after his release from imprisonment. It was held that the pardon restored him to the relation of a father, but it was assumed in the brief per curiam opinion in the case that any rights of property in the convict were divested by the conviction and sentence. This case arose when the act of 1799, was in force.

The case of Platner v. Sherwood, was a direct adjudication that by the general rule of the common law, civil death did not operate as a divestiture of the estate of the convicted felon. The language of the act of 1799, that a person sentenced to imprisonment for life was to be deemed civilly dead, “ to all intents and purposes in the law,” was very special and comprehensive, and it is not necessary to disagree with the intimation of the chancellor, that it extended the consequences of civil death beyond what was understood at common law. However this may be, when the language-of the act of 1799, was changed by the Revised Statutes, by omitting the special and peculiar words therein, and the language was substituted that a person sentenced to imprisonment for life should thereafter “be deemed civilly dead,” the provision became we think simply declaratory of the common law.

On looking at the statutes regulating the transfer and devolution of property upon the death of the owner, it will be found that their natural import confines the meaning ta a natural and actual death.

By the former statute of wills it is declared that “all persons except idiots, persons of unsound mind, married women and infants, may devise their real estate ’’etc., and as ta personal property, that “every male person of the age of eighteen years, and every person not being a married woman,” may dispose of it by will (2 Rev. St., 60, § 21),. and provisions are made for the probate of wills after the death of the testator. The statute of administrations authorizes the granting of letters of administration of the goods, chattels and credits of persons “dying intestate” (2

The assignment of a dower can be claimed only on the death of the husband (1 Rev. St. 740, sec. 1, et seq). In none of these statutes is there any intimation that a civil as distinguished from a natural death was in the contemplation of the legislature. The only statute we have found which permits an inference that civil death consequent upon imprisonment for life, operates to divest the convict of his estate, is a provision in the act relating to “ absconding, ■concealed and non-resident debtors,” which permits the proceedings authorized thereby to be taken “whenever any debtor shall be imprisoned in the state prison for a term less than his natural life ” (2 Rev, St. 15, sec. 1), making no provision and giving no remedy under that act against the property of one imprisoned on a life sentence. This provision was incorporated into the Bevised Statutes from the “act for relief against absent and absconding debtors,” passed March 21, 1801, when the act of March 29, 1799, declaring the effect of a sentence to imprisonment for life, was in force. The most that can be said as to the effect of this section of the absconding debtor act as bearing upon the point now in controversy, is that the legislature may have assumed that civil death resulting from a sentence to imprisonment for life, operated to divest the offender of his estate. But when it is considered that no case in this state can be found where the will of a person imprisoned on a life sentence has been admitted to probate during his natural life, or where administration has been granted on his estate, or dower assigned as if he was dead, nor any case where the title to property has been traced through a civil, as distinct from a natural death, the inference seems almost irresistible, that the doctrine that civil death, consequent upon a life sentence, divests the criminal of his estate, has no foundation in our law (as to right of administration see Frazer v. Fulcher ( 17 Ohio, 260 ). The disabilities flowing from the situation of civiliter mortuus have a wide scope, without including this incident. The statute, without expressly declaring this result, assumes that a life sentence of the husband ipso facto dissolves his marriage (2 Rev. St. 687, sec. 9, sub. 6). The convict cannot sue, although he may be sued, and his property is answerable to his creditors. But he may defend an action brought against him (Code, sec. 131; Davis v. Duffie, supra; Bowles v. Habermann, 95 N. Y., 246 ). He cannot enter into executory contracts and •call in aid the courts to enforce them. But he may transfer his property by will or deed See Rankins’ heirs v. Ran

We here conclude our examination of the interesting question presented by this record. Any one who takes the pains to explore the ancient, and, in may respects, obsolete-learning connected with the doctrine of civil death in consequence of crime, will find that he has to grope his way along paths marked by uncertain, flickering and sometimes misleading lights and he cannot feel sure that at some point in his course he has not missed the true road. But there is a guiding principle which, in the present case, greatly aids in solving the question presented, and that is that no one can or ought to be divested of his property in vnvitum, except by the clear warrant of law, and this, we think, is not found in the statute relating to civil death.

The weighty words of Chancellor Kent, in Plainer v. Sherwood, may appropriately conclude this opinion: “ The

penal consequence of attainder must be necessary deductions severely required by the premises; and as there was to be no forfeiture of the estate, the law would not be consistent with itself if it" held the party alive for the purpose of being sued and charged in execution, and yet dead for the,purpose of transmitting his estate to his heirs.”

We think the order of general term should be affirmed, and judgment absolute entered for the defendant on the-stipulation.

All concur, except Earl J., dissenting, and Gray, J., not sitting.

(dissenting).—I differ from my brethern, and regret that I have not time to formulate an opinion, giving more fully the reasons for my dissent.

The statute of March, 29, 1799, providing that life convicts should be “ deemed and taken to be civilly dead to-all intents and purposes in the law. ” was, I believe, passed to simplify the law and to remove the confusion and uncertainty which existed in the common law, as to the civil death of felons. It brought the law into harmony with our social organization and governmental system. As the-convict could no longer discharge any of his obligations to» society, he was to possess no civil rights whatever. As he-could not discharge any of the duties of husband or father, the family ties were severed. As he could have no use for

I cannot believe that the legislature by the different phraseology used in the Revised Statutes (2 R. S. , 101, § 20), “ shall thereafter be deemed civilly dead,” meant to change’ the scope and meaning of the previous law The rule was simply expressed in more concise and appropriate language. There was no reason in revising the prior law to change it, and it cannot be supposed that the legislature meant to abandon a certain and plain rule and go back to the archaisms, uncertainties and confusion of the common law. The progress in the revision was forward, not backward.

To show the comprehensive meaning which the law makers evidently thought the language of section 20 had, we may read the next section, providing for the protection of the convict’s person, as follows: ‘ ‘ The person of a convict sentenced to imprisonment in a state prison is under the protection of the law; and any injury to his person not authorized by law is punishable in the same manner as if he was not sentenced or convicted.” The clear implication from the provision contained in the act relating to “absconding, concealed and non-resident debtors ” (2 R. S., 15, § 1), referred to in the opinion of Judge Andrews, is that the legislature, when framing that provision, understood that a life convict was divested of his estate.

I not only see no reason to suppose that the legislature meant to retain the common law as to the effect of civil death, but I can see no reason for retaining the common law or for construing doubtful phraseology so as to retain it. While the convict has no use for his property and no obligations to perform, while he cannot use his property for his comfort, aggrandisement or enjoyment, while he cannot protect it by action or recover it by any proceedings if taken away from him, why should he be permitted to retain the title thereto, and why should it not, under any wise system of laws, be devolved upon his successors or his. heirs and next of kin ?

The life convict was not declared civilly dead in the law simply to deprive him of the right to vote, to sit as a juror, to bear to and hold office, because his physical

I therefore favor the reversal of the general term.