Selleck v. J. Langdon & Co. — 28 N.Y. St. Rep. 326

Majority

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Allen W. Selleck, App’lt, v. J. Langdon & Co., Resp’t.

(Supreme Court, General Term,, Fifth Department,

Filed December 30, 1889.)

Headnote

1. Negligence—Master and servant—Safety of appliances.

Defendants were coal dealers and had erected a trestle upon which to run cars at an elevation, so that from it carts could be loaded direct from the cars. Outside the car track, and at its level, they had erected a plank walk for men to stand on, which was supported by braces at an angle of about forty-five degrees, and projecting some distance from the structure. A wooden horse was placed on the outside edge of the plank walk to support a screen, which led from the car, and under and by this screen a cart was loaded. A customer, D., came for coal and in driving up to the screen he knocked out with his wagon a brace. Some ten minutes afterwards the plaintiff, who had been in the car loading the coal, got out of it on the walk, when a plank, no longer held by the brace, turned and plaintiff fell to the ground, about nine feet, and was injured. It did not appear how near it was necessary to drive to the plank walk in order to load. Plaintiff’s complaint charged only improper construction of this appliance. The defense was that the accident was due to the act of D. The appliance had been in use successfully for some time, and after the accident it was repaired by merely replacing the brace and no further trouble resulted. Held, that the question of negligence was for the jury.

2. Same—Charge.

Defendant asked the court to charge that the plaintiff was not entitled to recover for injuries received by reason of the plankway being injured by coal wagons, such injury not being brought to defendant’s knowledge and it having no opportunity to repair it. The judge said: “That would be so as an abstract proposition.” Then he added: “ At the same time, the road being constructed for the purpose of letting wagons in and out, the question whether it is fit and properly constructed, and as to whether it was a matter that might contribute to the injury, is one of fact which I submit to the jury." Held, error; if the additional remarks of the judge referred to the platform, it allowed the jury to find for plaintiff, if they found the platform improperly constructed or that it contributed in any way to his injuries; and it did not take into account the proposition that defendant was not liable for the consequences of D.’s acts in breaking down the platform, unless it was the natural and proper result from the manner in which ' the platform was constructed, and unless, in the light of the circumstances, it should have been foreseen. If the remarks related to the roadway, they were erroneous, for the complaint did not charge that the roadway was in bad repair, nor was there any evidence that it was so.

Appeal from a judgment entered on a verdict in the plaintiff’s favor for the sum of $6,000, rendered at the Erie circuit, and from an order denying the defendant’s motion for a new trial, founded on the judge’s minutes. The defendant is a foreign corporation, dealing in coal, and having a coal yard and an office in the city of Buffalo. The plaintiff was the defendant’s servant, employed as a laborer in and about the yard, and at the time he received the injuries of which he complains he was engaged in unloading coal cars, standing on a trestle, which-was eight or nine feet high, constructed by the erection of hents being set eight feet apart, fastened together by stringers, upon which the railroad track was laid. The coal cars were drawn or pushed up the trestle, which was built on an incline, by a locomotive engine. The bents consisted of a ground sill, 12x12, the upright posts and cap being of the same size. It is unnecessary to give any further description of the trestle. It had been erected eighteen or twenty years, and the proof tended to show -that some of the timbers were decayed and punky. The plaintiff was injured in.

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December, 1885. During the preceding summer the defendant ■constructed on one side of the trestle a plank walk, which was of the same height from the ground as the top of the caps of the bents, for the use of the men engaged in unloading coal to walk upon in passing from one car to another, and as a rest for a portable wooden horse, used as a support for the screen into which the coal in the car was shoveled and carried over the plank walk <or platform, and dumped into wagons stationed under the lower end of the screen, which served as a chute between the car and the wagon. The platform was supported by spiking a plank 2x12 and 12 feet long on each side of the cap, of each bent, which extended beyond the end of the cap three feet, and by the use of another plank, 2x10, called a brace, which was nailed to the outer end of the projecting plank, and extended down to about the middle of the sill, in a slanting position and nailed to a sill and also to the upright, at a point about two feet above the sill, so that the brace stood at an angle of about forty-five degrees.

The floor of the platform consisted of three planks, each one foot wide, three inches thick and sixteen feet long, and they were laid so that each planlc was supported at each end by one of the brackets and in the middle by two. The ends of the plank came together and did not over-lap, so that each end of a plank extended beyond the bracket that supported it some six inches. Along the side of the trestle there was a plank roadway for the teams which came into the yard for coal, received direct from the ■car by means of the chute. On the afternoon of the accident, and just before it occurred, the plaintiff was in a box car, the door of which was nearly over one of the bents, and was engaged in shoveling coal into the chute to load wagons. One Davis, who Tad purchased the coal, came into the yard with a wagon and ■drove upon the plankway to receive a load of coal, and as he was driving under the chute the forward corner of his wagon struck the slanting brace nailed to the bent on the side opposite from himself, and partially displaced the bracket from its fastenings, so that it did not afford any support for the ends of the plank which rested on the same. All the coal remaining in that car was loaded into this wagon. The plaintiff immediately left the car and came down on to the platform in the usual and customary way, and as he struck the outer plank, the end of which had rested on the displaced bracket, it tipped and he fell to the ground beside the wagon, and broke his leg. The plaintiff left the car and fell within ten or fifteen minutes after the bracket was displaced. Davis was a purchaser of the coal which was delivered to him from the car. The width of the plank roadway, for the use of the teams and wagons, is not stated in this case, but it appears to have been constructed before the platform, and the ends of the plank toward the trestle extended under part, if not the whole, of the platform. The diagram printed with the case shows that the end of the chute extended beyond the outer edge of the platform, and how near to the slanting brace it was necessary to drive, so as to place the wagon in a proper position under the chute, cannot be correctly ascertained from the evidence. It appears that there

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was a free yard of considerable space in front of the trestle. When the bracket was struck it was observed by a workman in the yard, employed by the defendant, and the evidence tended to show that he informed plaintiff, before he stepped upon the platform, that the same was broken and in a dangerous condition, but this the plaintiff denied, and that was an open question for the consideration of the jury. It did not distinctly appear whether the servant last named was a fellow-servant of the plaintiff’s or whether he represented the defendant in the management of its business at that place.

The duty which it is claimed that the defendant owed the plaintiff and neglected to perform, is set and charged in the complaint as follows: “ That it was the duty of said defendant to see that the said platform or walk was built in a proper manner, safe and suitable manner, so that its employees and servants engaged in and about the unloading of said cars could safely stand and walk along said platform or walk without danger to life or limb ; the said platform or walk was built in a careless, unskillful and unintelligent manner; that the persons employed in building the platform were not carpenters nor builders, and were utterly incompetent to do the said work in a safe and proper manner, as the defendant well knew; the said platform or walk was so constructed as. to be unsafe and dangerous for persons to stand upon or walk along without great danger to life and limb; that it became necessary for the plaintiff to use the said platform, and while so standing upon the same, and without any fault or neglect on his part, and without any knowledge on his part of the unskillful construction and dangerous and unsafe condition of said platform, and by reason of the dangerous construction of said platform, as herein-before stated, a portion of said platform, upon which the plaintiff stood, broke ana gave way, precipitating the said plaintiff to the earth and breaking his leg,” etc.

There is no averment in the complaint that .the platform became insecure and unsafe for use in consequence of the injury to the same caused by the act of Davis in displacing the bracket.

The defendant moved for a nonsuit, which was denied, and an exception taken. Exceptions were taken to the charge as made, and to the refusal to charge as requested.

fipencer Clinton, for app'lt; Ceorge T. Quinby, for resp’t.

The defendant, as the master of the plaintiff, owed him the duty of keeping in a reasonably safe ana secure condition the staging or platform constructed for the use of the men engaged in unloading the coal cars standing on the trestle. This the defendant admits. After reading the evidence with care and attention, we think it may be asserted, without successful contradiction, that if the bracket which supported the end of the plank at the point where the plaintiff stepped upon the platform in descending from the car had not been displaced by the act of Davis in driving his wagon against it, the same would have been in a safe and secure condition for use, and the plaintiff would not have received the injuries of which he complains. This is the conclu

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sion which we have reached after giving the case our best consideration.

After the accident the bracket was restored to its former position, without giving it additional strength, by adding new timbers and the use of the platform before and afterwards demonstrates to our minds that it would not have given way at that time, except for the injury which happened to it immediately before it fell. It is not understood by us that the learned counsel for the respondent in his oral or printed argument contends to the contrary. It therefore clearly appears and must be so held in disposing of the questions presented by this appeal, that the proximate cause of the plaintiff’s injury was the act of Davis, who drove the wagon against-the bracket and pushed it from its proper position and caused the platform to be in a dangerous condition until it was repaired.

It is contended by the defendant that it is not liable to the plaintiff' for the injury which happened to him in consequence of the act of Davis, as he was not its servant nor subject to the orders of its-managers; that if he was guilty of negligence in breaking down the-platform, the plaintiff must look to him for indemnity. In this connection we may state the plaintiff’s position, which is, that the-platform was weak and constructed in a faulty manner and was exposed to the danger of being injured and broken down by teams- and wagons used by those who came into the defendant’s yard by its invitation, to receive coal from the cars placed on the trestle; that the platform was erected for the purpose of facilitating the unloading of cars and transferring coal by means of the chute-directly into the wagons of the buyers, to whom the same was delivered at the mouth of the chute, which was supported in part by the wooden horse which stood on the platform; to accomplish this the wagons, both empty and loaded, were necessarily driven so near the slanting braces; that there was actual and constant danger of their coming in contact with the same and displacing the brackets- and thus leaving the platform in an unsafe and dangerous condition, and that the defendant was guilty ,of negligence in not constructing the platform with greater strength, so that it might receive without injury a jar or blow produced by being struck by a wagon, or in neglecting to guard the supports of the platform so-that they could not be injured by the teams and wagons when driving to and from the coal chute.

The chief point made by the appellant for the purpose of securing a reversal of this said judgment is, that the displacing of the bracket by the act of Davis was the proximate cause of the accident, and not the faulty manner in which the platform was constructed, if it was faulty at all; and that such defect in construction was merely one of the incidents in the train of circumstances preced* ing and connected with the accident, but not in legal contemplation the cause of the same. From the evidence as now presented, we think the disputation between the parties on the question of the defendant’s negligence presents a question of fact, to be determined in the same way as other questions of fact are disposed of in this class of cases. There is often much difficulty in ascer

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taining in cases as they arise the line between the proximate and the remote causes of a wrong for which a remedy is sought, but •all the cases recognize the general rule to be that the law takes cognizance only of those consequences which are the natural and probable result of the wrong complained of and which may reasonably be expected to result, under ordinary circumstances, from the misconduct or breach of duty charged upon the defendant. Wharton, in his work on Negligence, § 73, says:

“Negligence is the juridical cause of an injury when it consists of such an act or omission on the part of a responsible human being as in ordinary and natural sequence immediately results in such an injury.”

Again he says, § 78: “ Nor when we scrutinize the cases in which the test of 1 reasonable expectation ’ is applied, do we find that the ■expectation spoken of is anything more than an expectation that some such disaster as that under investigation will occur in the long run from a series of such negligences as those with which the defendant is charged.” Judge Cooley, in his work on Torts (page 69), states this principle of legal causation as follows: “ If the wrong and resulting damage are not known by common experience to be naturally and usually in sequence, and the damage ■does not, according to the ordinary course of events, follow from the wrong, then the wrong and the damage are not sufficiently conjoined or concatenated as cause and effect to support an action.”

In Lowery v. The Western Union Telegraph Co., 60 N. Y., 198 , Judge Andrews, who prepared the opinion of the court, in com- , menting upon the rule, says: “ The law does not undertake to hold a person who is chargeable with a breach of duty towards .another with all the possible consequences of his wrongful act. It in general takes cognizance only of those consequences which are the natural and probable result of the wrong complained of, and which, in the language of Pollock, C. B., in Rigby v. Hewitt, 5 Exch., 240,” may reasonably be expected to result under ordinary -circumstances from misconduct. Every injury is preceded by •circumstances, if any one of which had been wanting the injury would not have happened. In some sense, therefore, each is a ■cause of the injury, but to fasten a legal responsibility for the injury upon every person whose wrongful act, however remote therefrom, had contributed to bring about a situation or condition which made the injury possible, would be an impracticable rule, mid one which, if enforced, would in most cases inflict a punishment wholly disproportioned to the wrong. There is no serious ■conflict of authority in the statement of the general rule, that a wrongdoer is liable only for the natural and proximate conse•quences of his wrongful act.” In Butler v. Kent, 19 Johns., 228 , ■the rule is stated in this language:

“ In case of torts it is necessary to show that the particular -damage in respect of which the plaintiff proceeds must be the legal and natural consequence of the wrongful acts imputed to the defendant."

In Lewis v. Railway Company, 54 Mich., 55 , it appeared that a passenger on a train was carried past .his station on a dark, night

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and misinformed by the conductor where he was. Through the misinformation he took a route which led him over a culvert, and slipping, fell into it and was injured. It was held, 1. That the company’s negligence in carrying him past the station and giving him the misinformation was not the proximate cause of the injury; and (2) that in an action for an injury the courts cannot go back of the proximate cause, and as between other causes preceding that select one rather than another upon which to permit a recovery. See, also, Sellick v. Railroad Company, 58 Mich., 195 ; Daniels v. Ballantine, 23 Ohio St., 532 ; McClary v. Railroad, 3 Neb., 44 ; Henry v. Railroad Co., 76 Mo., 288 ; Ryan v. Railroad Co., 35 N. Y., 210 .

From these various authorities it may be stated as the true and guiding rule, that unless the wrong and damage are known to be usually in consequence, the damage according to the ordinary course of events following from the wrong, they will not support an action. If in this case the evidence would justify the conclusion that, in view of the business to be carried on at the trestle of delivering coal from the cars into the wagons by means of the chute so near to the supports of the platform, it was to be expected that the teams and wagons used in receiving the coal would, without negligence or wrong on the part of the persons in care of the same, come in contact with the supports, then a case was made, as we think, for the determination of the jury whether the defendant was guilty of negligence in constructing the platform in the manner adopted, or in not guarding the structure so as to prevent the teams and wagons from coming in contact with the supports of the platform. We incline to the opinion that a case was made for the jury with proper instructions, and that the nonsuit was properly denied.

But we are also of the opinion that one of the exceptions to the special charge relative to the liability of the defendant for the injuries which happened, to the plaintiff in consequence of the act of Davis was well taken. In the general charge no special instructions were given to the jury as to the rule of law which would make the defendant liable for the act of Davis, nor any statement made to them that his act was the proximate cause of the accident. The court, however, did charge the jury that the plaintiff claims that the road for teams to use when loaded with coal going to and from the chute, which loaded the coal into the wagon, was defectively constructed, in that the trestle was liable to be hit by wagons going to and fro, and that in this particular there was a defect in the mode of construction, but stated to the jury in general terms that the breach of duty imputed to the defendant consisted in the construction of the platform in .an insecure and improper manner, and that it was unsafe and unfit for the use of the men in the defendant’s service. At the conclusion of the general charge, the defendant asked the court to charge, specifically, that the plaintiff is not entitled to recover for injuries received by reason of the plank-way being injured by the coal wagons, such injury not being ■ brought to the knowledge of the defendant, and it having had no opportunity to repair it

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To this court replied, that would be so “as an abstract proposition.” “At the same time the road being constructed for the purpose of letting wagons in and out, the question as to whether it is fit and properly constructed, and as to whether it was a matter that might contribute to the injury, is one of fact, which I submit to the jury.” To the refusal of the court to charge as requested, and to the charge as given in response to the request the defendant excepted.

This request to charge was obviously based upon the defendant’s view of the case, that it was not liable for the consequences of the act of Davis in breaking down the support of the platform, and if it be true as a legal proposition that it was not in any view of the case responsible to the plaintiff, then the proposition should have been affirmed by the court, because it does not appear that any one representing the defendant at the coal yards had notice of the condition of the platform before the plaintiff was injured. But, as we have already stated, we think that a case was made for the jury, and it was for them to say whether it was fairly and reasonably to be expected that the wagons as they approached the chute to be loaded with coal would be brought into contact with the platform so as to injure it and destroy its safety, and it was not error to reject the propositions which the court was requested to charge, as it assumed as a matter of law that the defendant was not liable for the consequences resulting from the acts of Davis.

By the request to charge, the attention of the court was called specifically to the defendant’s position that it was not liable for the consequences of the act of Davis in driving his wagon against the platform, and the plaintiff could not recover for the reason that the condition of the platform had not been brought to the knowledge of the defendant before the accident happened. The remarks of the court which followed the refusal to charge, and which were put in the form of instructions-to the jury, must have referred either to the platform for the use of the men, or the plank roadway for the use of the teams and wagons, and whichever was intended by the court the instructions were in substance and effect that if the same was not fitly and properly constructed, and might have contributed to the plaintiff’s injury, then the defendant was guilty of negligence and liable to the plaintiff for the damages he had sustained. In view of the charge which had already been made, the jury must have understood that the instructions in substance and effect embraced the legal propositions we have stated. This part of the charge would have been without any meaning unless the jury were to be guided in reaching a conclusion by the fact as they may have determined it from the evidence. If the court referred to the platform as the subject of its remarks, then the error is obvious, for the jury were authorized to find for the plaintiff if they believed the same was improperly constructed and contributed in any degree to his injuries. The rule adopted rejected the legal proposition that the defendant was not liable for the consequences resulting from the acts of Davis in breaking down the platform, unless it was the natural and proper result of the

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way and manner the platform was constructed and ought to have been foreseen in the light of attending circumstances.

By the rule stated in the charge the defendant’s liability was established, if the jury found that the same ivas improperly constructed and might have contributed to the plaintiff’s injuries. In a sense, the platform did contribute to his injuries, although Davis was grossly negligent or intentionally drove against the platform, for the platform formed a link in the chain of circumstances which resulted in breaking the plaintiff’s leg, as the plaintiff’s own act formed another link when he engaged himself to work for the defendant If the charge related to the roadway, as I think it did, then it was clearly erroneous, for it is not charged in the complaint that the defendant was guilty of negligence in not keeping the same in repair, nor is there any evidence whicli would justify the finding that it was not in good order. Wo are of the opinion that the jury were misled by those instructions which may have resulted in securing to the plaintiff his verdict, and we have no hesitancy in ordering a new trial on this ground, which makes it unnecessary to consider the other exceptions taken by the defendant.

Judgment and order reversed, new trial granted, with costs to abide event.

Dwight and Macomber, JJ., concur.