Talamo v. Spitzmiller

defendant admits his liability to account to the plaintiff for the proceeds of such sale, and alleges several matters by way of counterclaim, which will be referred to so far as is essential to the determination of the questions presented for consideration on this review. The trial court found that on March 13, 1882, by an agreement of lease in writing under seal, made by Catharine Dick-man and defendant, she leased to him a dwelling house for the term of five years from May 1, 1882, at the annual rent of $450 for the first year, and $500 for each subsequent year, payable in equal monthly installments in advance, which the defendant undertook to pay. That the defendant took such lease at the verbal instance and request of the plaintiff, and upon the unwritten understanding and agreement that they should jointly use and occupy the dwelling-house during the term mentioned in the lease; and that the plaintiff should pay to the defendant half the rent; that the defendant and the plaintiff went into the possession of the house in May, 1882, and jointly occupied it until in November following, when the plaintiff quit the house and has not since then occupied any portion of it; that the defendant has paid the monthly installments of rent as they fell due, and that the plaintiff has paid nothing to the defendant on account of the rent. The court allowed to the defendant against the plaintiff a sum equal to one-half the rent for the period of the joint occupancy; six and a half months.

And upon the exception to the conclusion of the court that the plaintiff was entitled to recover the amount for which judgment was directed, arises the question whether the defendant was entitled to the allowance of a greater amount against the plaintiff than that given by the court, on account of the rent. The contention of the defendant’s counsel is: 1. That the plaintiff became liable to pay the defendant one-half the rent which the latter undertook by the lease to pay as the installments should become due. 2. That if not so, the plaintiff became a yearly tenant and was liable to the defendant for one-half the amount of the rent for one year. The plaintiff not being a party to the lease assumed no legal obligation to pay rent for the term, as a lease for more than one year not in writing was void. 2 R. S., 135, §§ 6, 8. The agreement between the parties and under which the plaintiff entered into joint occupancy with the defendant, being void, gave to the plaintiff no right and imposed upon the defendant no obligation to permit him to go into or remain in possession of any portion of the house, and unless he became a yearly tenant his liability was for use and occupation for the time only which he occupied. Thomas v. Nelson, 69 N. Y., 118 .

The mere fact that a person goes into possession under a lease void because for a longer term than one year does not create a yearly tenancy. If he remains in possession with the consent of the landlord for more than one year under circumstances permitting the inference of his tenancy from year to year, the latter could treat him as such, and the tenant could not relieve himself from liability for rent up to the end of the current year. And the terms of the lease void as to duration of term would control

in respect to the rent. Coudert v. Cohn, 118 N. Y., 309 ; 28 N. Y. State Rep., 684. The parol agreement for five years was not effectual to create a tenancy for one year. Nor did the mere fact, that the plaintiff went into possession have that effect. He remained in occupation a part of one year only, and the creation of a tenancy for a year was dependent upon something further. While it is not required that a new contract be made in express-terms, there must be something from which it may be inferred, something which tends to show that it is within the intention of the parties. The payment and receipt of an installment or aliquot part of the annual rent is evidence of such understanding, and goes in support of a yearly tenancy, and without explanation, to the contrary it is controlling evidence for that purpose. Cox v. Bent, 5 Bing., 185; Bishop v. Howard, 2 Barn. & C., 100 ; Braythwayte v. Hitchcock, 10 M. & W., 494; Mann v. Lovejoy, Ryan & M., 355 ; Thomas v. Packer, 1 Hurl. & N., 672; Doe d. Lord v. Crago, 6 C. B., 90 .

While there may appear to have been some confusion in the' cases in this state upon the subject, this doctrine has been more recently recognized. Reeder v. Sayre, 70 N. Y., 184 ; Laughran v. Smith, 75 id., 209 .

In the cases last cited, the tenants had been in possession more than a year when the question arose, but having gone into1 occupancy under an invalid lease, their yearly tenancy was held dependent upon a new contract, which might be implied from the payment and acceptance of rent, and when once created could be terminated by neither party without the consent of the other, only at the end of a year. The contention, therefore, that by force of the original agreement between the parties, aided by the fact that the plaintiff went into the possession with the consent of the defendant, is not alone sufficient to support an inference of the new contract requisite to create a yearly tenancy. The plaintiff paid no rent, nor while he was in possession was any request of or promise by him made to pay any. He simply went in under the original void agreement, and left within the year. There1 was no evidence to require the conclusion of the trial court that the plaintiff had assumed any relation to the premises, which charged him with liability other than for use and occupation, during the time he remained in possession. The defendant’s counsel, to support his proposition that the entry by the plaintiff with the consent of the defendant made him a yearly tenant, cites Craske v. Christian Un. Pub. Co., 17 Hun, 319 , where it was remarked that, a parol lease for a longer term than one year “ operated so as to create a tenancy from year to year.” If that was intended by the; learned justice as a suggestion that such a void lease operated as a demise for one year, it is not in harmony with the view of the-court in Laughran v. Smith, supra. That remark in the Craske case was not essential to the determination there made, as rent was in fact paid for a portion of the term, nor can it be assumed that it was intended to have the import sought to be given to it. It must be assumed, upon authority and reason, that a parol lease for more than one year is ineffectual to vest any term whatever in

the lessee named, and that when he goes into possession under it with the consent of the lessor without any further agreement, he is a tenant at will merely, subject to liability to pay at the rate of the stipulated rent as for use and occupation. Barlow v. Wainwright, 22 Vt., 88 . This may be converted into a yearly tenancy by a new contract, which may be implied from circumstances when they permit it. While the mere entry with consent will not alone justify it, a promise to pay and a purpose manifested to accept a portion of the annual rent provided for by the agreement may, as evidence, go in support of such a new contract.

The promise of the plaintiff to pay one-half the rent was made preliminarily to his entry, and was part of and not distinguishable from the parol agreement with the defendant to occupy for five years and pay one-half the rent for that term. There does not seem to have been any evidence to require the conclusion that any other than such void agreement was made between the parties, or that the plaintiff became other than a mere tenant at will of the. defendant. 1 Woodfall’s Landlord & Tenant, 1st Am. Ed. from 13th Eng. Ed., 221.

The other cases cited by the defendant’s counsel do not support, the proposition asserted by him. There is no opportunity, upon the facts found, or upon any the finding of which the evidence requires, to hold that the defendant took and held the lease as trustee for the plaintiff as to a portion of the demised premises, or that a relation was assumed by the plaintiff to the lease between the lessor and the defendant which legally charged him with liability to the latter for moneys paid by him pursuant to it. The parol agreement between them was void and ineffectual for any such purpose.

The judgment should be affirmed.

All concur.