Gould v. Seney

action was brought by the plaintiff in his own behalf and for others similarly situated, as subscribers to a fund for the construction and completion of a railway. Prior to the making of the subscriptions to create the fund for this object, a railway had been constructed from Toledo, in the state of Ohio, to Canton, in the same state. A railway had also been chartered by the state of Virginia and mainly constructed from the city of Richmond to Clifton Forge. And a third railway had been provided for by a charter in the state of West Virginia from Point Pleasant, on the Ohio river, to the Falls of the Kanawha, or the

And this fund appears to have been obtained and in part at least appropriated • to the partial construction of a bridge across the Ohio river, and the partial construction of the railway over the-intervening distances upon which it had not previously been built. But neither the bridge nor this intervening railway was finished or completed.

To carry out the enterprise a committee was appointed, consisting of the defendants George I. Seney, who was a director of the Ohio Central Railroad Company, and Samuel Shethar, who was a director of the Richmond & Alleghany Railroad Company. The appointment was not made by any formal action, but these two persons were suggested by the directors, or a portion of them, as the individuals who should constitute this committee. The action resulting in the selection of these persons as committee has been described and supported in detail by the testimony of the witness Calvin S. Brice, who was sworn and examined on behalf of the defendants. And that he was entirely accurate in the statements made by him as a witness upon this subject appears further from the answers of each of these defendants, as well as of the Ohio Central Railroad Company. In this respect the answer of each of these defendants is identical. And by the nineteenth paragraph of each answer it was stated “ That prior to July 1, 1881, this defendant and the defendant Shethar were requested by the said three companies and consented to act as a committee to direct the disposition and disbursement of said fund so to be raised for the purposes aforesaid, and with the said railroad companies to ar

And this fact is further fortified by the recital in what has been called the syndicate agreement, to which these two persons were parties, dated the 1st day of July, 1881, for they are there described as a committee. And in a further agreement, dated on the 31st of October, 1882, made with the Ohio Central Railroad Company, they are also described as a committee, “ representing what is known as the Richmond & Alleghany and Ohio Central Railroad syndicate." And upon this state of the evidence it was found by the court that these defendants “ were selected to superintend the work of receiving the money and delivering the securities to the subscribers of the fund.”

The syndicate itself consisted of the persons owning the stock and trust certificates already mentioned, and the province of these defendants as the committee was to represent the members of the syndicate, and to expend and appropriate money to the objects for which it was contributed. And they acted under the authority conferred upon them until the execution of the agreement already mentioned, bearing date the 31st of October, 1882.

The object of the conference which took place concerning the raising of the fund is stated by the witness Calvin S. Brice to have been “ to complete their respective roads, and to construct the intervening link between the two. And “ For that purpose it was agreed that they should attempt to raise the sum of five millions of dollars.” And it was stated by him “They would recommend the stockholders in each of their respective companies to subscribe to this fund if $500,000 of the fund as paid in should be paid into the Ohio Central Railroad Company for completing its line, and $1,250,000 should be paid into the Richmond & Alleghany Railroad Company for completing its line.” And that the residue over the sum of $250,000 for the Atlantic & North western Railroad Company, amounting to the sum of three millions of dollars, should be used for construction. This statement is also supported by the answers of the three defendants already mentioned. For by the eighteenth paragraph of each answer it has been stated, “That prior to July 1, 1881, and in connection with the proposed consolidation, the said three companies agreed to raise from the stockholders a fund of $5,000,000, to be spent in completing, extending and improving their railroads, equipment and property.” And that the money should be distributed in the manner already mentioned, except that the $1,250,0Q0 for the Richmond & Alleghany Railroad Company should be received with the proviso that if the company should not ultimately come into the consolidation this should be repaid. And these portions of the answers were used as evidence ujpon the trial.

But neither the testimony of the witness, Calvin S. Brice, nor any other, supported the allegation made in the answers that the twelve hundred and fifty thousand dollars should be paid to the Richmond & Alleghany Railroad Company, subject to this or any other proviso. But it was to be paid, according to his testi

“ To the Stockholders of the Ohio Central Bailroad Company :

Notice is hereby given that subscriptions for $5,000,000 for the construction of “ River Division ” from Corning, Ohio, to “ Central Division ” at Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad Crossing, Ohio River Bridge, and other purposes, have been allotted as follows:

To Stockholders of Ohio Central Railroad Company, $2,400,000.

To holders of Trust Certificates of Richmond & Alleghany Company, $2,000,000.

To Stockholders of Atlantic & Northwestern Railway Company, $600,000.

Holders of Ohio Central railroad stock will be entitled to subscribe for $2,000 for each one hundred shares if privilege is taken on or before July 16, 1881, by presentation of their certificates to E. R. Leland, Secretary of Richmond & Alleghany Railroad Company, No. 2 Wall street, room No. 39, that such certificates may be stamped “ ex privilege ” (transfer unnecessary), accompanied by check for first call of ten per cent, payable to the order of the Metropolitan National Bank. Remainder of subscription will be subject to call of syndicate committee. Subscription certificates will be issued entitling subscribers to a pro rata share of such securities as may be issued by subsequent agreement of the committee and railroad company, and also the right to pro rata share of the subscription for the construction of the Central division when offered.

Right to subscribe will expire July 16, 1881, as the balance of subscription not then taken lias been placed.

Per order,

B. G-. Mitchell,

Secretary.”

And they stated the object of the subscription to be for the construction of the river division from Corning, Ohio, to the central division at the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad crossing, and the construction of a bridge over the Ohio river, and for other purposes. And it was after the notices were published, and in that manner-brought to the attention of the stockholders and holders of trust certificates, that the subscriptions to the fund were made by them. And after making such subscriptions they received receipts from the Metropolitan National Bank, where the money was paid in, in this form:

This certifies that-subscribes to the fund for the purchase, construction and. equipment of the Richmond, Alleghany in Ohio Central Railroad Company to the amount of--dollars, and is entitled to participate in the distribution of stock and bonds in accordance with the terms and conditions of the subscription.

Provided the several installments aggregating the above-named .amount shall have been paid and endorsed hereon. Interest will be added to all unpaid installments.

A pro rata share of additional subscriptions is reserved to the holder of this certificate.

This certificate is not transferable without the consent of the syndicate committee.

In witness whereof the Metropolitan National Bank, New York, as fiscal agent, has caused this certificate to be signed by its cashier, this-day of-, 188-, in the city of New York.

Metropolitan National Bank,

By--, Cashier. ”

A controversy arose upon the trial, as well as upon the argument, as to the significance in the notice of the phrase “ other purposes.” But the use of these words was obviously not made in this manner to permit the syndicate committee mentioned in the notice to make any disposition of the funds which they might consider to be fit or proper. But what was designed by the use of the words was to allow the fund to be used for purposes of the same general description to accomplish the end designed to be brought about by its creation. And that was to construct, complete and equip this continuous line of railroad. And the receipt which was finally given by the bank for the money supports this construction. For it states the fund to be “for the purchase, construction and equipment of the Richmond, Alleghany & Ohio Central Railroad Company,” which was to be the name of the company in case the consolidation was effected which it was proposed to make of these three different companies. And that is conformable to the objects mentioned as the ends to be accomplished in the testimony of the witness, Calvin S. Brice. And the language of this receipt, and this and the other testimony may be legally considered to place a definite significance on this phrase conformable to the intention and expectations of the contributors to the fund, as they would naturally be created by the publication of this notice. For general language employed in this connection is required to be restricted by the specific purpose previously mentioned and intended to be .accomplished by the persons engaged in the business. This rule has been frequently stated and- acted upon by the courts, permitting and sanctioning a reference to the objects and designs of the parties, as well as to other instruments relating to them, to place .a definite significance and restraint upon the employment of general language. Van Hagen v. Van Rensselaer, 18 John., 420 ; Coddington v. Davis, 1 Com., 186; Elmendorf v. Lansing, 5 Cow.,

The fund in this manner obtained is stated by the plaintiff in his evidence to have been received by the committee at the Metropolitan Bank. And the other evidence in the case, as well as. the admissions contained in the pleadings, warrant the conclusion that this statement was substantially correct. And it has been found as a fact by the court that these two defendants “ were designated as a committee of the syndicate to attend to the application of such fund for the purposes for which it had been subscribed, and they assumed the duties of such committee, and the charge of^ such fund.” And it was further found by the court, as a conclusion of law, from the facts that this fund passed under the control of these two defendants. And,

“ That the defendants George I. Seney and Samuel Shethar having assumed the relation of committee of the syndicate, the subscribers to the fund of $5,000,000 before mentioned, and the charge of said fund, became and are trustees or quasi trustees of said fund for the subscribers thereto, and liable to account therefor in this action.” And they were accordingly held liable to account for the use and disposition made of this fund by the court, as they very well might be under the evidence given upon the trial King v. Barnes, 109 N. Y., 267 , 286; 15 N. Y. State Rep., 52; Marvin v. Brooks, 94 N. Y., 71 . And having received the money in their capacity of a committee of this syndicate of subscribers, they were legally as well as equitably bound to appropriate it for the promotion of the ends and objects for which the fund itself was created. Good faith in this respect was required from these persons in the discharge of their obligations to the subscribers to the: fund. Murray v. Beard, 102 N. Y., 505 ; 2 N. Y. State Rep., 466 ; Gilman, C. & S. R. Co. v. Kelly, 77 Ill., 426 ; Abbot v. Am. Hard Rubber Co., 33 Barb., 578 . Their obligations were those of trustees or special agents, requiring them to use the fund within the limits of the authority created in the manner already mentioned. Hun v. Cary, 82 N. Y., 65 .

The consolidation of the three companies, as that was proposed, was not consummated, for the Richmond & Alleghany Company was not authorized to enter into it, or become a member of the consolidation, without the permission of the legislature of the state of Virginia. And at the next session of the legislatuie an application was made for the passage of an act securing this permission. But it was not obtained. And the bill introduced for that object was defeated in the month of January, 1882. And the consolidation which actually did take place, and which had been provided for in this contingency, was between the Ohio Central Railroad Company and the Atlantic & Northwestern Railroad Company existing under the laws of the state of West Virginia. In this state of the facts the Richmond & Alleghany Railroad Company never became entitled to any ¡Dart of the fund raised by these subscribers. For that fund was contributed to provide for the expense of completing and equipping a continuous line of railroad from Toledo to the city of Richmond, and the Richmond

It is true that the agreement dated on the 1st of July, 1881, reoites the fact that the sum of twelve hundred and fifty thousand ■dollars should he applied to completing the railroad of the Richmond & Alleghany Company, upon the condition “ that in case the said agreement of consolidation should not become operative as to the said Richmond & Alleghany Railroad Company, the said sum of one million two hundred and fifty thousand dollars shall be repaid to said committee,” etc. But this agreement is shown not to have been, in fact, made until some time after the early part of January in the year 1882. The subscribers to the fund were neither of them parties to the agreement, but as it was made and executed it was between the committee and the Ohio ■ Central Railroad Company and the Ohio Central Coal Company, •owned by the railroad company. And it could not be attended with the effect of changing the destiny for which the fund itself was created. Before the agreement was made or executed, the rights of the parties had become fixed. .And they obligated the committee to make use of the fund alone to carry out the objects for which it had been created, and to preserve and maintain the designs of the contributors as that appeared from the papers and evidence in the case. This committee failed to do that. For after the legislature of Virginia had refused to authorize the Richmond & Alleghany Company to become a party to the consolidation, the committee advanced from this fund to that company the sum of five hundred and eighty-nine thousand dollars. Previous to the failure of the bill in the legislature it had advanced additional amounts to the same company, aggregating, with the advances after the failure of the bill, the sum of twelve hundred .and fifty thousand dollars. And that this money was paid over to the Richmond & Alleghany Railroad Company under the authority of the committee was admitted by them in the tenth paragraph of their respective answers, as well as in the answer of the Ohio Central Railroad Company itself.

The Richmond & Alleghany Company never was in a position to be entitled to any part of this money, for its right to the contribution which was to be made to it was dependent upon its becoming a member of the consolidation. And that it could not do without the proposed legislation, which it was unable to obtain. Beyond that the committee was at no time authorized to make a loan of this sum of money to the Richmond & Alleghany Railroad Company. What it was authorized to do, and all that it could do for this company, was to pay over this sum of money ■to it for the completion of this line of railroad. And that it was permitted to do only to place it in the condition which would become necessary to make it a part of the consolidation railroad. Ho authority was in any form given by the subscribers, or either of them, to loan this sum of money to this railway company. And in making the loan as it did it used so much of the fund

It was shown upon the trial that eighty per cent of four millions in amount of bonds secured by a mortgage upon what has been called the river division of the consolidated road, and eighty percent of four millions river division income bonds secured in like-manner, and 100 per cent of the stock of the new company, had been distributed among the persons who contributed to the creation of this fund of $5,000,000. But that division of bonds and stock was no legal or equitable defense standing in the way of the enforcement of this right to an accounting. For if this sum of money had not been loaned as it was, it would have been applied to the completion of the bridges and of the railroad required to be constructed over this division, and in that manner have enhanced in the hands of the subscribers to this fund the value of these securities. As it was in fact, the bridges were not completed, neither was the railway wholly constructed, but important portions requiring large expenditures of money were left unfinished. And no advantage could be obtained by reason of that circumstance, in the way of earnings which would be applicable upon either the stock or the bonds in this manner divided. And since the division a settlement between the committee and- the consolidated company took place, -by which the committee transferred the work in this condition to that company, and they were released by it from all further obligations under their contract which they had entered into to construct and complete these bridges and this railroad. And the result has been that the property has since been foreclosed and sold under the mortgages given upon it. And by this distribution of stock and bonds, as the evidence has presented the case, no advantage whatever accrued to the subscribers to the fund. And their inability to obtain any advantage whatever from earnings appears to have arisen out of the failure of the committee to perform the agreement which they entered into for the construction of the bridges and the completion of the road, and the misappropriation of the moneys which, by reason of the inability of the

The agreement by which the committee were relieved from further liability made with the consolidated company in no way affected their liability to these subscribers. It related wholly to the obligations of the committee to the railway company, and the subscribers to the fund in no manner participated in, or assented to, the settlement which took place; and as the committee were, by what had transpired, made trustees in effect for the contributors to this fund, they remained liable, notwithstanding this settlement, upon the obligations which had been incurred in favor of the subscribers. That has been fully settled by the decision made in the action holding this committee to have incurred the obligations of trustees in the disposition of these funds in favor of the subscribers. Neither party has appealed from that part of the determination of the court, and consequently it remains as a fixed and permanent fact to be acted upon in the case.

It appeared by an admission made upon the trial that the sum of $148,066.52 had been paid from this fund upon coupons of the Ohio Central Railroad Company. By whom the payments were made docs not clearly appear from the case. It may have been done by the company itself from moneys surrendered to it at the time when the agreement of the 31st of October, 1882, was made, for that recites that all the moneys in the hands of the committee were then transferred to the railroad company. But whether the payments were made by the committee, or by money transferred to the company under the terms of this settlement, the case is not materially changed. For no authority appears to have been anywhere created by which the fund contributed by the sub-, scribers could be legally appropriated to the payment of these coupons. If the appropriation was authorized or rightfully made, it was for the committee to prove the fact before this expenditure or distribution of so much of the fund could be allowed to them. Marvin v. Brooks, 94 N. Y., 71 , 75.

And no proof of that fact was offered or given upon the trial. As to this sum, therefore, as well as the other, the committee should have been required by the interlocutory judgment to account in the action.

Another contested item involved in the trial of the action was the sum of $500,000 paid to the Ohio Central Railroad Company. But by the agreement which was entered into between the directors of the companies, and which the committee was selected in part to carry into effect, this company was to receive this sum of money for the completion of its own line. And the money is found to have been, as it probably was, paid to that company for that object. And as it was authorized, not only by what took place between the directors at the time mentioned by the witness, Calvin S. Brice, but the fund, according to the notices published and the receipts given, was to be in part appropriated to this object, the payment appears to have been within the authority conferred upon the committee. And for that amount the plaintiff,,

At the time when the loan of the twelve hundred and fifty thousand dollars was made to the Eichmond & Alleghany Railroad Company, two millions of dollars in amount of its second mortgage bonds were transferred to the committee as security for the loan. And these bonds, in the settlement which took place between the committee and the railroad company, were transferred to the latter. And under its authority a settlement was finally made by which the bonds were to be taken in satisfaction of the liability of the Eichmond & Alleghany Company for the repayment of the loan. After that a loan of money amounting to the sum of $500,000 was negotiated in favor of the Ohio Central Eailroad Company, as it had been consolidated, from the Metropolitan National Bank, and these bonds have been hypothecated as security for the loan.

The court held upon the trial that this was an authorized disposition of the bonds, and that the plaintiff was not entitled to an accounting from the bank on account of this transaction. And that conclusion seems to have been supported by the facts as they were presented in the case. For the defendants could not consistently be held liable to account in favor of the plaintiff and his associates for the moneys they had loaned to the Eichmond & Alleghany Eailroad Company, and at the same time a liability be enforced against the bank because of the receipt of these bonds in this manner by it. The two remedies were entirely inconsistent. And as the plaintiff endeavored to enforce the liability of the committee to account for the misappropriation of the money, and to render them liable because of that act, he could not at the same time insist upon it that these bonds also should be accounted for and appropriated to the benefit of himself and his associates. An accounting for the money itself by the committee would fully satisfy the primary object of the action. And even if the bank was chargeable with notice of the manner in which the railroad company had obtained these bonds, because of the fact that a director in the company was a member of the committee and an officer of the bank, it would still be entitled to hold the bonds as security for the payment of its loan. The court, at the trial, held the bank not to be liable in the action and dismissed the complaint .so far as it was designed to present a cause of action against that ■defendant. And that dismissal seems to have been right.

The judgments, therefore, in favor of the Ohio Central Eailroad Company and of the Metropolitan National Bank should be affirmed. But as to the residue of the final judgment it should be reversed and the report of the referee, beyond charging the committee with the money, set aside upon the exceptions taken to it, and the interlocutory judgment so far modified as to require these two defendants to account for the $1,250,000, besides the interest thereon, loaned by them to the Eichmond & Alleghany Eailroad Company, and the $148,066.52, with interest thereon, paid upon the coupons of the Ohio Central Eailroad Company.

Van Brunt, P. J., and Brady, J., concur.