Livingston v. New York Life Insurance & Trust Co.

In the year 1876 the defendant, the New York Life Ins. & Trust Company, held as trustee under the will of one Jas. Boggs certain real and personal property. The beneficiary for life was Julia A. Livingston, the mother of the plaintiff and one James B. Livingston, now deceased. The terms of the trust were, in substance, that it should continue during the joint lives of Julia A. Livingston and Lewis Livingston, her husband. In case Lewis Livingston should die first, then the trust was to cease and Julia A. Livingston was to take absolutely the whole property. In case Julia A. Livingston should die first, the trust was to cease and her issue were to take absolutely the whole property. At the time mentioned both Julia A Livingston and Lewis Livingston were living; and there were also then living the only issue of said Julia A. Livingston, her two children, the said Lewis H. Livingston and James B. Livingston, now deceased. On the 16th of December, 1876, the said two children, James B. Livingston and Lewis EL Livingston, by an instrument dated on that date, after reciting the judgment fixing the terms of the trust then existing under the Boggs will, and that they were the only children of said Julia A. Livingston and her only present descendants, and being desirous to continue the aforesaid trust in the New York Life Ins. & Trust Co. as to a part of said property in case they or either of them should survive the said Julia A Livingston, and in the event of the death of the said Julia A Livingston in the life of her said husband, from and after the death of said Julia A. Livingston to the extent in said deed particularly set forth, conveyed to the defendant, the New York Life Ins. & Trust Company interests in said trust funds in the following language:

“ That the said James B. Livingston, one of the parties of the first part, doth hereby grant, transfer and assign to the said New York Life Insurance & Trust Company the sum of $100,000, parcel of the aforesaid trust property to which he is now or shall hereafter be entitled according to the terms and conditions of the aforesaid judgment and now in the possession of said New York Life Insurance & Trust Co., subject to the life estate of said Julia A. Livingston and subject to be divested in the event of the death

, of said Lewis Livingston, the husband of said Julia A. Livingston during her life, and subject to the further conditions hereinafter set forth, upon the trusts and conditions as follows: to invest said sum of $100,000, and keep the same invested during the life of said Lewis H. Livingston, Jr., to receive the income thereof and pay over the net proceeds of the same to the said Lewis H. Livingston, Jr., during his life and upon his death to distribute the said sum of $100,000 with its accumulations, if any, equally among the children of said Lewis II. Livingston and the descendants of his deceased children per stirpes. If the said Lewis H. Livingston die without issue living, then to pay the income to the said James B. Livingston for his life and upon his death to distribute the same equally among the children and the descendants of the deceased children of said James B. Livingston in equal shares per stirpes.”

The deed then contained a precisely similar grant from Lewis H. Livingston to the Trust Company of $100,000 for the benefit of James B. Livingston and his issue if he should die leaving issue with remainder over to Lewis H. Livingston, Jr., and his children if James B. Livingston should die without issue.

Thus these two brothers attempted to create a trust which might continue as to some portion of the trust at least during their lives. Thereafter in November, 1884, Julia A. Livingston died, leaving her husband Lewis Livingston and her said two children surviving ; whereupon the trust under the Boggs will ceased and the ■ entire property held thereunder vested in her children subject to the trust above recited, created by the instrument of the 16th of December, 1876.

On the 21st of February, 1885, Lewis H. and James B. Livingston and the Trust Company entered into an' agreement dated on that day, whereby certain specific property was set out to make up the respective funds of $100,000 as called for by the instrument of 1876, which instrument contained clauses formally ratifying the trust created by said instrument of 1876; and expressly granted, transferred and assigned to said Trust Company, the said property to be held by said company upon the trusts set forth in the deed of December 16, 1876. Thereafter in October, 1887, James B. Livingston died leaving a last will and testament which has been proved and letters testamentary thereon granted to one of the executors therein named. By this will James B. Livingston devised all his estate after the payment of his debts to his brother Lewis EL Livingston and to his heirs absolutely and forever.

This action was brought by the survivor, Lewis H. Livingston, to break the trust, principally upon the ground that the trust was not originally drawn according to the instructions given, and secondly upon the ground that the trust attempted to be created was in violation of the provisions of the statute prohibiting the suspension of the absolute ownership of property beyond the term of two lives in being at the date of the instrument containing such limitation or condition. The court held with the defendants upon the first claim ; and with the plaintiff upon the second; and from the judgment thereupon entered this appeal is taken.

In determining this claim it will be necessary to consider for a moment the precise situation of the parties in respect to this particular trust. The foundation of the claim of the plaintiff depends as far as this point of the case is concerned upon the fact that the deed of December, 1876, was a continuation of an existing trust. If this was not the fact then the case of Genet v. Hunt has no application, and the claim has no foundation.

Now what was the interest of James B. and Lewis H. Livingston in the estate in which their mother had only a life interest if she did not survive her husband ?

The Revised Statutes provide, vol. 1, p. 723, marg. paging, that estates, as respects the time of their enjoyment, are divided into estates in possession and estates in expectancy; that an estate in possession is where the owner has an immediate right to the possession of the land (and it may be said here that these propositions are applicable to personal property), and that an estate in expectancy is where the right of possession is postponed to a future period.

Now, therefore, James B. and Lewis H. Livingston had an estate in expectancy in this property which was involved in the trust created by the Boggs will.

The statute then proceeds as follows: “ Estates in expectancy are divided into estates commencing at a future day, denominated future estates, and reversions. A future estate is an estate limited to commence at a future day either without the intervention of a precedent estate, or on the determination, by lapse of time or otherwise, of a precedent estate created at the same time. A reversion is the residue of an estate left in the grantor or his heirs, or in the heirs of a testator, commencing in possession on the determination of a particular estate granted or devised.”

It will thus be seen that the interest which James B. and Lewis H. Livingston had in this fund was a future estate, it being limited upon the termination of the particular estate during the lifetime of their father.

The statute further states that “ future estates are either vested or contingent. They are vested when there is a person in being who would have an immediate right to the possession of the lands upon the ceasing of the intermediate or precedent estate. They are contingent whilst the person to whom, or the event upon which, they are limited to take effect remains uncertain.”

Therefore, Julia A. Livingston, under the Boggs will, was not only a life tenant but held a contingent future estate, and so did

The Revised Statutes, by the provisions to which attention has been called, have thrown under one head all future estates, whether vested or contingent, and whether formerly known as vested remainders, contingent remainders, executory devises or by any other name.

By § 35 the statute provides as follows: “ Expectant estates are descendible, devisable and alienable in the same manner as estates in possession.”

Therefore, the person in whom an expectant estate is vested has the same control over the interest which he thus possesses as though he were in actual possession of the property representing the estate. He may deal with it in precisely the same manner. And this is all that James B. and Lewis H. Livingston did by the deed of trust under consideration.

It is true that they speak of continuing the trust contained in the Boggs will. But they had no power to continue that trust; they could add nothing to that will. Whatever trust they could create sprang into existence by the instrument which they executed. It there had its origin and it had no relation whatever to the trust created by the Boggs will. It was the complete creation of a trust if the Boggs will had never been mentioned in it; and the mere fact of the mention of that will and the fact that the settlors have recited in the instrument that they were going to do a thing which was improper cannot invalidate that which they legally did. The recital of the instrument does not control. They recited that they were going to continue that trust, which was an impossibility. All that they did was to create another trust, affecting, it is true, a portion of the same property. But it was in the exercise of the power of alienation conferred upon them by the statute that they executed this trust deed. There is no question but that, had they the property in possession, they could have erected this trust in respect to the same property. Now as they could alien their estate in the property, although held in trust during the joint lives of their father and mother, precisely the same as though they had it in possession, we fail to see any reason why they might not create a trust in respect to that property.

The difficulty about the position of the plaintiff in this respect is that he has confounded the case of the alienation of an expectant estate with a case where the power to act is derived from the instrument which originally created the estate.

In the case of Genet v. Hunt, it was held that the exercise of the power derived its validity from the original instrument and related back to the original instrument It is the exercise of a power conferred by the original instrument and, therefore, whatever is done is deemed to be done by the original instrument And this is all that was decided by that case. The court say that an estate created by the execution of a power takes effect in the same manner as if it had been created by the deed which raised the power; that the power of disposition (referring to the facts of that

In the case cited the power to act was derived from the instrument creating the trust. In the case at bar the power to act arose from the ownership of the estate, and such ownership was absolute, although it was an expectant estate, because, as already stated, the owner of an expectant estate has as much right to alien as the owner of an estate in possession.

This brings us to the next proposition, viz.: that the plaintiff never intended to make a trust of the nature expressed in the written instrument. It is claimed that if this is the fact he has a right to maintain this action for a rescission and cancellation of the trust; and the distinction between actions to reform an instrument and an action to rescind and cancel the same is called to the attention of the court, and it is urged that the mistake of the plaintiff alone is sufficient ground for its rescission and cancellation.

Whatever may be the rule in that regard, and we express no opinion about it in respect to executory contracts, it is certainly not the rule in respect to executed contracts. In the case at bar one of the contracting parties has completely executed his share of the contract. The other party, he being dead, proposes to break the trust upon the statement that the instrument was not of the character that he intended. Was it of the character that the other party intended ? There is no pretense but that it was of the character which James B. Livingston intended. Where is the authority, in the case of a contract of that description, where one party has completely executed it, for the position that the other can rescind and cancel it upon the pretext that he did not intend to make such a contract?

There is only one condition of affairs, as we understand it, which will permit the rescission of a contract under such circumstances, and that is, either the mistake must be common to both parties, or through the mistake of the plaintiff, accompanied by the fraudulent knowledge and procurement of the other party, the written instrument fails to express the real agreement or transaction.

It would be a strange condition of the law to hold that any one party to an agreement, after having received all the possible benefits or chances of benefit from the agreement which the other party could give him, should, because the other party has died, be allowed to rescind and cancel the agreement upon the pretext that he did not intend to execute such a contract.

But it is urged that the trust agreement is not a mutual agreement ; that there is no expression of mutuality; that they did not by the terms of the contract as written mutually agree, nor are they made to say that they were moved by any consideration •of that character, and that upon the face of the trust deed, the •creation of the trust ^as the voluntary act of each.

Upon a reading of this instrument, it bears every evidence of mutuality. It is true that they did not in express terms say that

We have not considered it necessary to discuss at length the many authorities cited to show that a voluntary deed of trust may under certain circumstances be recalled by the settlor. But this agreement, being between two parties, is to be so construed that it protects the rights of each. We think that if James B. Livingston had made a will leaving his property in another direction, the plaintiff would never have brought this action to set aside this trust. He never would have dreamed that that instrument did not express the true intent of the parties; and we think that the learned judge in the court below was right when he decided as matter of fact that Lewis H. Livingston had established no such proposition.

In fact, it is doubtful whether the evidence introduced by Lewis H. Livingston, for the purpose of showing what he understood, was at all admissible. James B. Livingston, the other party, was dead. The testimony of Lewis is that he and his brother went to the lawyer, who is also dead, to have this trust deed executed; and that he told the lawyer what his brother and himself wanted, and the instrument was drawn, read over to him, and executed.

Now, is not that giving evidence of a transaction between himself and his deceased brother ? It seems to be so. It is certainly within the evils arrived at by the prohibition of the Code.

But even if the finding of the learned court in this respect cannot be sustained, which we do not for a moment admit, there was subsequently and after the death of Julia A. Livingston a ratification of this deed, or if the acts done did not amount to a ratification, a creation of the trust. We are cited to a large number of authorities every one of which is to the effect that a principal cannot ratify the acts of his agent unless he knows what his agent has done. That seems to be elementary law and to be involved in the very act of ratification. It may be claimed that the case of Adair v. Brimmer, 74 N. Y., 539 , does not fall within that category. But it clearly does. In that case it is held that where a trastee seeks to

In addition there is another principle applicable to that case, and that is, in dealings between a trustee and a cestui que trust, they are presumably fraudulent and the trustee must justify them, which he can only do by showing that his cestui que trust was fully advised.

After the death of Julia A. Livingston, Lewis H. and James B. Livingston, both knowing what they had done, expressly ratified it and set apart the property to be conveyed to the trustee; and not only ratified, but in order that there should be no mistake about it, if there was no act to ratify, they made a new conveyance to the trustee of the property to be held upon the trusts named in the original instrument; and yet again Lewis H. Livingston is doing something he did not intend to do.

It seems to be difficult to see how it was possible for these men to make a stronger declaration of trust than they have done by these proceedings.

It is not necessary to cite authorities to show that the terms of a trust may be contained in an instrument separate from the deed creating the trust

The judgment should be reversed and a new trial ordered, with costs to the appellant to abide event

Daniels and Brady, JJ., concur.