Mix v. Staples

This is an action for the breach of warranty of -a horse, the allegations of the complaint being that at the time of the sale a warranty was given by the defendant that such horse was sound and true and but eight years old, and the breach assigned being that -it was unsound and diseased and utterly worthless, and instead of being eight years old was ten years of ■age. The defense was in effect a general denial. On the trial the warranty in writing was put in evidence and is in these words: “H. D. Mix, bought of O. Gf. Staples the mare Ninette, which is sound and kind in every way with the exception of a slight blemish on one knee. She is sound as the day she was foaled and has no tricks or bad habits I know of. Price, $2,000.”

Testimony was introduced at the trial to show the condition of the animal a few days after the sale, and a veterinary surgeon (Liautard) was called to testify as to the results of his examination of what we will assume to have been the horse in question. He testified that the animal had navicular disease, which is an affection of one of the bones of the foot, that it is an incurable disease, and that it had existed for weeks or months prior to the 8th day of May when he made the examination. He was then, asked whether he had not written a treatise on that subject and he replied that he had; that he had made a special report of the diseases of horses, which was published by the Bureau of Animal Industry in the Department of Agriculture of the United States Government, and that book contained a letter of his on navicular

We think it was error to allow this witness to read from his-own published works to support his own testimony, just as it would have been to allow him to read from any other author, even if approved and accepted authority. What he had written abstractly could not be made testimony. He was called to swear to-facts and not to the correctness of what he may have written generally years before on a particular topic. In testifying as to this disease the witness was speaking as an expert. He would not. have been allowed to testify to statements made in books of other-authors, Matter of Mason, 60 Hun, 57 ; 38 St. Rep., 533 , and cases there cited, and should not have been allowed to read from his-own publications for the same reason, for it does not appear even that he testified that the extracts he read from his own letter were-true, and “the little points of difference” as to symptoms the witness admitted “may be of importance.”

But even if this objection may be. overcome, the proof was entirely insufficient on the measure of damages, and there was no-fair basis laid in the testimony by which the jury could ascertain, what sum should be awarded. Irrespective of the plaintiff himself, three witnesses were called on that subject. One of them, Ferguson, did not know anything about the horse, and said he could not tell its value without driving it, and he did not drive it, and that he could not tell its value as a sound horse, but he was allowed, under exception, to say that she was worth $500. Another witness was Wheeler, who did not trade in horses, but had. bought and sold them and had some knowledge of the asserted pedigree of this animal. He swore that $1,000 would have been “a good big price ” for her if she were sound, and that she was-worth, as he saw her, between $300 and $500, but he did not examine her closely. This witness clearly was not competent to-testify as to her condition or value. Another witness, Mr. Lewis, was a stockbroker; he had bought and sold horses, and saw this-mare, and said that she was lame, and located the lameness in the left fore leg, and then went on to testify, under objection, that if she were sound she would have been worth from $2,500 to $3,000,. but being unsound she was only worth $300.

All these witnesses were allowed to testify on the assumption that the horse was absolutely sound and without regard to the fact, that by the very terms of the warranty she was not sound, unless it be that she was as sound as the day she was foaled except a blemish on one knee. They do not testify as to what that blemish was or how it affected her value from the day she was foaled or at any time, and they did not have sufficient knowledge to enable them to speak as to her real value. The only other-testimony as to value was that of the plaintiff himself. He swore distinctly that he knew very little about horses and was not in any way shown to be competent to speak of the value of this animal, and yet he was allowed to say that if she were sound she-would have been worth $2,000. The evidence was altogether in

Dr. Liautard’s effusion was entirely inadmissible and there was no proof of damage. I therefore concur.

I think a distinction is to be made between reading by an expert from a work of his own and a work by some other author. In one case he is expressing his opinion which has been reduced to writing or printed; in the other he is supporting his views by what others may have written on the subject, which latter is clearly incompetent and improper.

Upon the incompetent evidence as to value the judgment' should be reversed. _