Butler v. Green

—Although the record and briefs are quite voluminous, the practical question presented upon this appeal is in a narrow compass. That question is, has intestacy resulted as to certain moneys which the testator’s executors have derived from the sales of lands in the states of Illinois and Hew Jersey, which moneys have been brought into this state and here mingled with other moneys of the estate ?

Mr. Ogden died in this city, and as to the personal property of which he was then possessed the law of his domicile governs. All questions with regard to his real estate must, however, be determined by the lex loci rel sitce. It appears that Mr. Ogden in his will made certain provisions for charitable uses which are invalid under the laws of this State, but which are valid under the laws of Illinois and Hew Jersey. He left real and personal property in this state, and a large amount of real property in the states of Illinois and Hew Jersey. A part of the real property in these other states having been sold by the executors, under a discretionary power conferred upon them by the will, and the proceeds applicable to such charitable uses having been brought into this state and mingled here with other moneys of the estate, the plaintiffs claim that the lex loci rel sitce no longer governs, and that the law of the domicile should now act upon these moneys as personal property illegally bequeathed.

The solution of this question depends primarily upon the intention of the testator. Did he purpose that the attribute of his real property in Illinois and Hew Jersey should depend upon the will of his executors ? The presumption in general is that a testator does not intend the nature of the property to depend upon the option of the person through whom the conversion is to be effected. Williams on Executors, 6th eel, Perkin’s note, 763. We must therefore look at the entire will to see if this presumption is in the present instance rebutted. In the first place we find that the title to all this property is vested in the executors and trustees for certain trust purposes. They are to hold the property during a period not exceeding two specified lives in being. Upon the termination of these two lives, the testator “gives, devises and bequeaths” all the estate so vested in his executors and trustees to the beneficiaries under the trust. L Thus, these beneficiaries, even as to the property in this state, took a legal estate in the lands subject to the execution of the trust. 1 R. S., 729, § 61. The lands are devised to the trustees for trust purposes, and upon the termination of the trust they go to the beneficiaries. The intention so far would seem to be to preserve the legal characteristics of the property throughout the trust period, and upon its termination to turn over the corpus in its original character. The ultimate devise, although the testato knew that the property might during the trust term be varied fact, is specifically of the estate from which the executors

They are directed, by the third article of the will, to treat all the property so devised and bequeathed to them as divided into twenty shares or portions, and at least once in each year “ to use, apply and pay over the rents, issues, profits and income thereof and all net proceeds of sales made pursuant to the authority so given them, which they shall not deem advisable to re-invest and which may be available from time to time for distribution to legatees, to such legatees in certain specified proportions. Eighteen and one-half shares are given to individuals named and the remaining one and one half shares to such charitable uses as the executors and trustees may select, with the proviso that they may apply not exceeding one-half share out of this one and one-half shares, when not applied to charitable uses, to the use of all or any of the heirs who they may deem in need or worthy of and entitled to receive the same. They are, however, authorized to invest and re-invest the moneys arising from such sales, and, as above pointed out, they are only to distribute the proceeds of such sales in case they do not deem it advisable to re-invest them. The final disposition of the corpus of the estate upon the termination of the trust is provided for in the sixth article of the will. This follows the third article in all essential particulars. The language of the gift over is as follows :

“ I give, devise and bequeath all and singular the real and personal estate of which my said executors and trustees shall theretofore have received the rents, issues and profits, and all the rest, residue and remainder of my property and estate, whatsoever and wheresoever, not herein otherwise specifically devised or bequeathed, in, to and amongst the beneficiaries under the trusts created by this will, in such manner that the parties theretofore receiving the income only shall receive and become vested with the estate and property out of which such’ income arose in the same relative shares and proportions in which they were entitled to said income.”

The testator then proceeds in the eighth subdivision of this article to specify the shares. The four shares given as income to his wife in the.first subdivision of the third article he now gives in the first subdivision of this sixth article as principal to her heirs, or to “ such persons' and in such manner and proportions as he shall have devised and willed.”

In the second sub-division of this sixth article, the testator pro

It will thus be seen that the beneficiaries are substantially the same throughout, that the estate is vested in the same persons who are to be the recipients of the income during the trust term, that these persons talce vested remainders subject to the execution of the trust, that no words were used expressive of an intention to change the character of the real estate and that no such change was necessary to effectuate any of the puposes of the will. It is entirely clear that no equitable conversion was effected at the death of the testator. There is, in fact, no express direction in the will to sell at any time. Everything on that head is left to the discretion of the executors. They are to sell only if they deem a sale to be advisable. It is not a question of discretion with regard to time, place, amount or other conditions, but an absolute discretion with regard to the act. Nor was a conversion of the whole or any part of the real estate necessary to accomplish the purposes expressed in the will or to effectuate any of its provisions. It follows that no direction to sell can be implied. As was said by Finch, J., in Scholle v. Scholle. 113 N. Y., 261 ; 23 St. Rep., 171 :

“ In the absence of an express direction to sell, one may not be implied unless the design of the testator is unequivocal, and the implication so strong as to leave no substantial doubt; and so, unless the exercise of the power is rendered necessary and essential by the scope of the will, the authority is simply discretionary and does not work a conversion.”

The real question is, whether upon the exercise by the executors and trustees of the discretion to sell, there resulted in law a change in the subject matter of the devise. It is true that when each piece of real estate was sold, there was, as a matter of fact, a physical conversion into money; and that money was to be distributed unless the executors chose to re-invest it. But while the beneficiaries were thus to receive money, it by no means follows that such distribution should be treated as a distribution of personalty under the will. There was here no possible reason why the testator should change the quality of the real estate or direct the distribution of its proceeds as personalty. There was no question between heirs at law and next of kin, no question as to who should take dependent upon the legal character ascribed to the property. Whether these proceeds be treated as real estate or as personal property, they go in precisely the same direction, and the only effect of treating them as personalty is to invalidate the gift of one and one-half shares to charitable uses. Thus the contention is that the testator gave his executors continuous power, at any time during the period of the trust term,

It has accordingly been held that the court will not declare an equitable conversion to have taken place by implication if the disposition of the fund would render the provision of the will void. Bonard's Will, 16 Abb., N. S., 128. See, also, note to Walker v. Denne, 2 Vesey, Jr., 170, where it is said that equity will not exert one of its most peculiar powers in impressing personal property with the character of land to bring it within the reach of escheat.

In our judgment, there is nothing in the will under consideration which would justify the extreme construction contended for by the respondents or which would work the result found by the special term. On the contrary, everything in this will points to the retention of the quality and character of the estate devised. There was, as already pointed out, no necessity for a conversion nor for a change in the subject matter of the devise. The executors might have retained every foot of land of which Mr. Ogden died seized until the termination of the two lives upon which the estate was limited. Under the will the beneficiaries, as we have seen, have vested remainders in the entire estate subject to the execution of the trust. If the property were not sold pending the trust term, they would at its termination certainly take the real estate in specie. If it were sold pending the trust term, the intention plainly was that they should take its representative in money. The character of the estate was not to be changed by the sale nor by its receipt in another form. Whether the corpus went to the beneficiaries in specie at the termination of the trust, or whether such corpus was in part anticipated by intermediate sales, the intent was clearly the same. It was to give these beneficiaries their substantial interest in the real estate. That substantial interest was not affected by the trust fee, nor was its character changed by intermediate variation in the corpus of the estate, even if such variation were accompanied by a provision for distribution prior to the termination of the trust If the executors had reinvested the proceeds of these sales, there cannot be a question but that, such reinvestment, although in bonds, would have formed part of the original trust estate and would in equity have remained land. Scholle v. Scholle, supra; Matter of McComb, 117 N. Y., 378 ; 27 St. Rep., 259 .

9. The plaintiffs’ contention is necessarily reduced to this, that the mere incident of a failure on the executors’ part to re-invest effected a conversion into personalty and worked intestacy as to the money not re-invested. We cannot assent to such an extreme proposition. It is supported by nothing in the will itself expressive of such a purpose. It is, in fact, antagonistic to everything which we find in that' instrument and it is contrary to the well settled rule that when “land is devised as

We have discussed this-question of conversion as though it were governed solely by the law of this state. That is, we have considered it so far as to determine whether the law of the domicil should act upon the moneys which have been brought into this state. We think, however, that the question is one which should more appropriately be determined by the law of Illinois and Hew Jersey. It is not only the title to real property which is governed by the lex loci rel sitce, but also the effect and construction of the instrument conveying it. Thus the , doctrine applies not merely to what is actually immovable, but to what may be deemed to partake of an immovable or real nature by the law of the locality. Servitudes, easements, rents and other incorporeal hereditaments and interests in and appurtenances to land come within the legal definition of land as subject to the lex loci rel sitce. Story on Conflict of Laws, § 464; Levy v. Levy, 33 N. Y., 97 ; Chapman v. Robertson, 6 Paige, 627.

- Whether a trust created by a will as to realty situated in another state is valid or not can only be determined by the courts of that state. Knox v. Jones, 47 N. Y., 389 . This case holds that although real and personal property be given by the same clause in a will, and upon the same trust, they are severable, and that the validity of the bequests is to be determined by the law of the domicil, while the validity of the devises is to be determined by the lex loci rel sitce. It conclusively appears in the present case that the trust as to the lands in Illinois and Hew Jersey is valid under the laws of these states. And it is thus established that the testator died testate as to these lands. Whether the exercise of the discretionary power of sale given to the executors, and the further exercise of the option not to re-invest the proceeds, operated to change the subject matter of the devise depends upon the construction to be given to' the instrument which passed the title to the lands. The intention of the testator is to be gleaned from this instrument, that is from, the will, and the courts of the locality have jurisdiction to construe the

Now, it is doubtless the fact, that had these moneys remained in the states of Illinois and New Jersey no question could have arisen with respect to the validity of the trusts for charitable uses, and that the moneys in question would there have been treated as properly applicable to such uses. The trust is there valid, and its validity is not impaired by the sale of the real estate. It would be strange indeed were this condition of things to be completely reversed by the mere incident of a deposit of these moneys in one of the banks of this city without being ear-marked or otherwise identified as the proceeds of the sales of such Illinois and New Jersey real estate.

For that is apparently what it comes to. The attack on the trust commences at the point when the executors decided not to re-invest the proceeds of the sales and when these proceeds were brought into this state and mingled with other funds of the estate. The sequence of deduction in support of the judgment are substantially these: As the lex loci governed with respect to the real property in Illinois and New Jersey, the trust in those states was valid. As there was no conversion at the death of the testator, the lex loci still governed and the trust was still valid. As there was no conversion even by the mere act of sale, for the reason that the executors might have re-invested the proceeds, the lex loci continued to govern and the trust was still unaffected. But the moment it was decided not to re-invest such proceeds, they at once took on the character of personal property, the lex loci ceased to govern, the lex domicilii took its place, the trust for charitable uses became invalid and intestacy resulted with regard to the share applicable thereto.

We cannot think that this final sequence is sound, or that the lex loci should be set aside in this way or at this point. We have, in fact, no doubt that if the trust remains unaffected in Illinois and New Jersey by the election of the executors to distribute the proceeds of the sales, it remains unaffected here.

The respondents, while contending that our laws must operate upon the moneys within this state, also seem to claim somewhat inconsistently, that the validity of the trust, as affecting lands in other states and the effect of the physical conversion of such lands, can only be determined by the courts of those states; and they say that the special term properly refused to consider these latter questions. But the fact is otherwise. The special term did consider these questions and gave judgment in the plaintiffs’ favor as against the validity of the trusts in question. In the first, second,

The executors have not come into court asking affirmatively to have this trust validated. They are simply defending the trust funds in their hands against a direct attack upon the trust itself.

It is also claimed that the defense of the • executors as against this attack is not sufficiently specific, and that the finding of the learned justice that the trust in question was valid under the laws of Illinois and Hew Jersey is not supported by evidence. The respondents seem to have overlooked the eighth paragraph of the answer interposed by the executors, which expressly raises the question, and they have also overlooked the stipulation upon page 200 of the case, to the effect that “ counsel on either side may refer to any of the reports of judicial decisions in the courts of Hew Jersey,' Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin in the same manner as if they were distinctly put in evidence.” These decisions were referred to below, and they are referred to again in the appellant’s points. And they abundantly justify the finding of the special term. We think the judgment was right with regard to property ■in this state; and that the provisions of the will as to charitable uses, and also as to , heirs whom the executors may deem needy or worthy of, and entitled to one-half share, are invalid so far as these provisions attempt to dispose of property, real or personal, in this state. As to this last question, that is, as to needy heirs, we need only say that we agree with the views presented by the respondents, and that we do not deem the question worthy of special consideration.

But as to the proceeds of sales of lands in other states, we think the j udgment should be modified by striking out all that is decreed with reference thereto. As to the one and one-half shares of the net rents of real property in Illinois and Hew Jersey, and of the net proceeds of the sales of lands in those states, the court should make no decree, but should suffer such shares to remain in the hands of the executors and trustees, that they may be applied by them in éase, during the continuance of the trust, they shall see fit to so apply them to the charitable purposes contemplated by the testator in the eighth subdivision of the third article of his ■will. And this result is not and cannot be affected by any act of ■the executors with regard to the deposit of such proceeds or the manner in which they are held.

The costs were charged upon the funds in the executors’ hands to the credit of the trust as to charitable uses. This was proper so far as' these funds were made up of the proceeds of

The judgment appealed from is interlocutory, and as now modified the reference ordered will necessarily proceed upon different principles and may result in a different judgment as to costs. Upon the coming in of the report either party may move for final judgment, and upon such motion apply for costs and allowances as they may be advised. The costs of this appeal may abide the event. That is, any party to whom costs are finally granted may have costs of this appeal payable in the same manner as the costs of the cause are directed by the final decree to be paid.

O’Brien, J., concurs.

—I concur in the opinion of Mr. Justice Barrett upon this appeal.

It seems to me that the question as to the validity of the provisions of a will must be determined by the conditions existing at the death of the testator; and that nothing that an executor can do subsequent to such death can either validate or invalidate the devises contained in the will. If there is a direction contained in the will that the real estate .shall be converted into personal property, the will is construed as though the .conversion had taken place as of the time of the death of the testator. But where the power of sale is simply discretionary in the executor’s no such rule applies, and the will must be construed as the estate existed at the time of the death of the testator. It certainly would be an anomalous condition of the law if an executor could, by changing under a discretionary power of sale real estate into money, defeat a devise contained in'a will.

It is the settled policy of the law to treat the property of a testator as being of the kind left by him until it reaches some person having an absolute power of disposition. Thus, where real estate in which infants have ^n interest is sold, the proceeds of the sale are treated as realty until the infant arrives at maturity, and thus has an absolute power of disposition.

It is certainly not the rule that where a person dies, leaving a will devising his personal property and real estate to his executors in trust, creating an intermediate estate, and giving his executors a discretionary power of sale, and upon the termination of the intermediate estate bequeathing his personal property in one direction and devising his real estate in another, if the executors exercise the power of sale in respect to the real estate, the devisees of what at the death of the testator was real estate are thereby deprived of the provision made of them in the will So in the cas at bar for the devise having been valid as to the real estate at the