Lockwood v. Nichols — 6 N.Y. St. Rep. 220

Majority

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William Lockwood et al, Resp’ts, v. William I. Nichols et al., App’lts.

(New York Common Pleas, General Term,

Filed February 7, 1887.)

Headnote

Contract—Covenant as to incumbrances and to save harmless— Breach of—Amount entitled to recover under.

The defendants the directors and officers of a company entered into an agreement with plaintiffs that the indebtedness of the company • ‘ shall not

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and will not,” exceed $55,800, and that if it exceed said sum, they, the defendants, would pay the excess and save plaintiffs harmless thereon Meld, 1. A covenant as to incumbrances on the property so sold, and the covenant being broken, the recovery upon it shall be for the excess of incum brances over the agreed amount. 2. That the agreement to pay excess and save plaintiffs harmless, must be construed as an agreement to pay plaintiffs. 3. Plaintiffs are entitled to recover the whole excess which defendants agreed to pay. 4. That it was not a contract of indemnity, and the covenantors cannot ask that the covenantees be remitted to a remedy against the company.

Appeal by the defendants from a judgment of $25,560.22 in favor of plaintiffs entered on January 17, 1884, on the report of a referee.

The defendants on and prior to September 22, 1880 were directors and officers of the Manhattan Chemical Company, and in order to induce the plaintiffs to come in and take the charge and management of the company, and to contribute moneys to relieve its embarrassments, they transferred 800 shares of its capital stock held by them, to plaintiffs and entered into a written agreement with plaintiffs that the indebtedness of the company at the date of the agreement (September 22, 1880) “shall and will not exceed” $55,800 and that if it exceeded said sum they, the defendants, would pay the excess and save the plaintiffs harmless thereon. The plaintiffs on their part agreed to take entire charge of the company and carry on its business in as economical manner as practicable, and to endeavor to the best of their ability to make said company a success and its capital stock valuable; and to advance and loan to the company from time to time, as necessity required, sufficient moneys to liquidate and discharge the indebtedness mentioned and pay current expenses, and not to call in or demand the return of said loan or any part thereof until all of said indebtedness was paid.

This action was brought in February, 1881, alleging that the indebtedness of the company exceeded the sum of $55,800 agreed upon and was in fact $75,843.61 and demanded judgment for the excess, with other demands arising out of the said contract not necessary to mention here.

The answers of defendants denied that it was the intention of the parties by their agreement to pay to plaintiffs any excess over the stipulated amount of indebtedness; denied that the indebtedness exceeded the agreed sum; and counter-claimed damages for alleged breach by plaintiffs of their agreement in not carrying on the business of the company in as economical manner as practicable, in not loaning or advancing moneys as required by the agreement, and in having wasted and destroyed the property of the company.

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Defendant Nichols, retained no stock of the company-after the agreement, and Barrows had but a small amount, seventeen shares.

The referee gave judgment for plaintiffs for amount of the excess of indebtedness over the agreed sum of $55,800, and found that plaintiffs had not committed any breach of the agreement on their part.

The defendant Nichols, appeals on the ground that the agreement did not require defendants to make payment to plaintiffs; that their contract was a contract of idemnity only; that plaintiffs had not paid the excess of indebtedness and had sustained no damage.

The defendant Barrows appeals on substantially the same grounds and also upon the ground that a breach of plaintiffs covenants was proved which precludes a recovery by them in any event.

Kelly & MacRae, for resp’ts; N. F. Averill, for app’lts.

There was a sale by defendants to plaintiffs of the 800 shares of stock transferred to the latter, and the covenant entered into by defendants that the indebtedness of the company did not and should not exceed $55,800 was, in effect, a covenant as to incumbrances on the property so sold, and, the covenant being broken, the recovery upon it should be for the excess of incumbrances over the agreed amount.

The agreement of defendants to pay the excess and save the plaintiffs harmless therefrom must be construed as an agreement to pay the plaintiffs, because if there were no such promise in addition to the covenant a promise to pay the plaintiffs would be inferred from the covenant itself; otherwise there could be no enforcement of the obligation by the parties with whom and for whose benefit it was made.

The objections that the contract is one of indemnity, and that the plaintiffs must show that they have paid the excess of indebtedness, and that the company is unable to respond to them, are not well founded. It was not contemplated by the parties to the agreement that the company should pay, or be liable to pay, the excess of indebtedness. The object of the agreement was to relieve the treasury of the company from the burden. The covenantors cannot, therefore, ask that the covenantees be remitted to a remedy against the company, nor contend that if the company be found able to pay there is no liability upon the covenant. Their agreement was to discharge the debt of the company.

As the plaintiffs have the right to enforce the covenant, and their recovery does not depend upon the ability of the

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company tp pay any part of the amount of the excess of indebtedness, then there can be no question as to the measure of damages. Plaintiffs are entitled to recover the whole excess which defendants agreed to pay.

The question that is presented is not' a new one, for we find in adjudged cases, as well as in elementary works, precedents for the disposition that we shall make of this case.

Without a review of the authorities we shall content ourselves with citing from Sutherland on Damages (vol. 2, p. 610, et seq.), a statement of the rule that we think applicable to the facts before us. “Contracts are often made the general purpose of which is indemnity, but which are not merely to save harmless or to indemnify against damages, but provide against the causes of damage; they are contracts for the prevention of damage.” Of this nature are contracts against the existence of debts or liabilities.

Where the contract is for more than indemnity against damages—where a party stipulates against the existence of certain conditions or for payment or performance of any kind, then damages are not the gist of the action, but the measure of the damages recoverable for the breach is the value of the performance of the contract. For example, a contract to pay a debt, no time being specified, is a promise to pay it when due, or in a reasonable time if already due. The promisee for breach of such a contract is entitled to recover the amount of the debt and interest, or any part of it, if it is a debt the discharge of which would be beneficial to him. Gilbert v. Wiman, 1 N. Y., 550 . The author adds: Courts of law are not adapted, like courts of equity, to do complete justice to all parties interested in such cases; that is, to protect the defaulting party by requiring the money so recovered to be applied to tlie debt, though the payment may be important to him. That, however, has been done in some cases.

The defendant, Barrows, contends that the evidence shows a breach of plaintiffs’ agreement to advance moneys, carry on the business in as economical manner as possible, etc., and that plaintiff’s right to recover upon the defendants’ covenant is thereby barred.

The finding of the referee that the plaintiffs fully kept and performed the agreement on their part is supported by the evidence, and we cannot say that we disagree with his conclusions. The evidence as to alleged improvident management may produce different opinions in different minds; but we are influenced in reaching the conclusion that the plaintiffs acted according to their best judgment and always in good faith by the consideration that the very large share which plaintiffs acquired in the company.and

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the large _ outlays they made and liabilities they assumed under their agreement, make it most improbable that they would act counter to the best interests of the company. We are warranted in assuming that their own interests could be subserved only by endeavoring to make the company successful.

None of the exceptions taken call for the reversal of the judgment.

The judgment should be affirmed, with costs. Larremore, 0. J., and Van Hoesen, J., concur.