Blake v. Griswold — 6 N.Y. St. Rep. 493

Majority

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Eli W. Blake, Resp’t, v. Chester Griswold, App’lt.^[1]

(Court of Appeals,

Filed March 1, 1887.)

Headnote

1. Practice—Abatement and revival—Action for penalty—Assignment OF JUDGMENT.

The plaintiff, in an action which was brought to recover the penalty imposed for failure to file a report, and for filing a false report, under the provisions of the manufacturing act, died after judgment and during the pendency of an appeal. The argument of that appeal proceeded in the court of appeals without its knowledge of his death, and the judgment was affirmed. A motion was made to substitute plaintiff’s administrator: Held, that the motion must be granted; that the cause of action after judgment is merged in the judgment, which itself may be assigned, and passes as assets to the representative of a deceased party.

3. Manufacturing act—Penal provisions thereof.

The rights and liabilities of parties, under the penal provisions of the manufacturing act, are not only regulated by special provisions of law, but are wholly created by such special provisions, and have no existence outside of the exceptional and peculiar authority and regulation of the statute.

Motion to substitute as plaintiff the administrator of plaintiff, who died during the pendency of the appeal, made after affirmance on appeal by the court of appeals of a judgment in favor of plaintiff. Opinions on affirmance reported 4 N. Y. State Rep., 221 and 285.

W. O. Holbrook, for app’lt; A. Pond and B. L. Hand, for resp’t.

The motion for substitution must be granted. The plaintiff in the action, which was brought to recover the penalty imposed for failure to file a report, and for filing a false report under the provisions of the manufacturing act, died after judgment, and during the pendency of an appeal. The argument of that appeal proceeded in this court without our knowledge of his death and the judgment was affirmed. This motion is now made on behalf of the representatives of the plaintiff to substitute his administrator, and for judgment of affirmance in his favor. The motion is both made and resisted upon a claim that the whole law of the survival of causes of action has been subjected to a radical change which makes erroneous the drift of our recent decisions, and requires at our hands the adoption of a new rule founded upon modifications effected by the Code of Civil Procedure.

The defendant claims that these changes have taken away all provisions for saving from abatement, even after judgment, an action like the present, section 764, and the plaintiff, that all causes of action are made assignable and, therefore, survive, except those specifically named, section 1910, and so we have been mistakenly following the

p. 494

common law as modified by the Revised Statutes instead of recognizing the new rule derivable from the Code. If such had been the intention of the legislature, it is quite singular that the repealing act of 1880, passed to remove from the statute inconsistent and superfluous provisions which had become such by the adoption of the Code, should not only, have failed to repeal the two sections of the Revised Statutes (2 Rev. Stat., 448, §§ 1, 2), which, in connection with the common law, furnished the rule of survival, but should have expressly excepted and preserved them. 1 Laws of 1880, p. 268. And not only that affects the conclusion to be reached, but the circumstance still more remarkable, that no new or substituted rule of survival should be directly supplied by the Code, but the change, so radical and important, should be left wholly to a possible inference derived from a modification in the assignability of causes of action. While it is true that at common law and as a general rule the qualities of assignability and survival are tests each of the other arid convertible terms, and we have so declared (Hegerich v. Keddie, 99 N. Y., 258 ; Brackett v. Griswold, 103 id., 425; 4 N. Y. State R., 219), it does not follow that the legislature may not break that connection, and furnish a new and statutory rule of assignability, leaving the law as to the survival of causes of action unchanged. Possibly, so much has been accomplished, but certainly nothing more. While section 1910 makes an apparent extension of the rule of assignability, and section 1909 allows what can be transferred to be enforced, the last provision is expressly declared to be not applicable to a case “where the rights or liabilities of a party to a claim or demand which is transferred are regulated by special provision of law.”

The ‘ ‘ rights and liabilities ” of parties under the penal provisions of the manufacturing act are not only “regulated” by special provisions of law, but . are wholly created by such special provisions, and have no existence outside of the exceptional and peculiar authority and regulation of the statute. So that in the present case, as also in Brackett v. Griswold, the right of transfer given by the Code does not, under the same Code, give a right of enforcement to the transferee, but leaves the question of that right to the existing law. Section 755. The test remains whether the cause of action survives or continues. When, therefore, we said in Hegerich v. Keddie, supra, and followed the doctrine in Brackett v. Griswold, both of which were purely statutory actions, created and regulated by special enactments, that the rule of survival contained in the Revised Statutes must govern, we not only had the assent of counsel who argued their cases upon that basis, but the authority of section 1909 of the Code itself. If the legislature desires to adopt some

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different and simpler rule, and bring together what perhaps it would be wiser not to try to separate, it may do so in the future, but has not as yet accomplished the work. We grant this motion, therefore, not upon the ground asserted, but in accord with the settled rule that the cause of action after judgment is merged in the judgment, which itself may be assigned, and passes as assets to the representatives of a deceased party.

. Section 1912 clearly recognizes this rule, by the expression that such a judgment, ‘ ‘ recovered upon any cause of action, ” may be transferred, but, “if vacated or reversed, the transfer thereof does not transfer the cause of action unless the latter was transferable before the judgment was recovered.” Sections 1297 and 1298, relating to the death of a party pending an appeal, lead to the same conclusion. They indicate that until substitution the appeal cannot be heard, and so the argument had was irregular; but since it was thorough and exhaustive, and followed by a motion for a re-argument, and a third consideration of the case would do no more than waste the time of the court, we think we may accede to the request of the moving party, and, having granted his order of substitution, also affirm the judgment appealed from in favor of the substituted administrator.

All concur.