Simmons v. Peters — 66 N.Y. St. Rep. 64

Majority

p. 64

Sarah M. Simmons, App’lt, v. Catharine A. Peters, Resp’t.

(Supreme Court, General Term, Fourth Department,

Filed February, 1895.)

Headnote

Master and servant—Risk.

. Where the servant has no knowledge of the defects and insufficiencies in regard to the appliances and surroundings of an elevator in use on the master’s premises, it is error to hold, at matter of law that the servant assumed the risks, occasioned by such defects and deficiencies.

p. 65

Appeal from a judgment entered upon a nonsuit.

White & Cheney, for app’lt; W. S. Andrews, for resp’t.

Defendant was engaged in the manufacture of shirts on Noxson street, in the city of Syracuse, on the 7th of April, 1890, the business being under the supervision of her husband, Henry Peters. She occupied the first floor, and the whole of the second, third and fourth floors. On the morning of April 7, 1890, which was a dark, rainy morning, Brown, one of defendant’s employes, having reached the store shortly after seven o’clock, found the elevator door closed and locked. While he was unlocking the door, the plaintiff and her two daughters and Miss Garthe and Miss Waslmer entered the building. They advanced towards the elevator, some eighteen and one-half feet distant from where they entered the building; and at that moment Brown called out to them to hurry, and he opened the elevator door, stepped inside and reached for the cable, so as to bring the elevator car down, which was on the fourth floor. As he swung into the elevator, lie seems to-have been partially, if not wholly, out of sight of plaintiff, who was then some nine feet distant from him, and, when he reappeared, the plaintiff was some four or five feet distant from him. Brown was about three or four feet from the door when she walked in. Brown, on taking hold of the cable, discovered that the elevator was locked at the fourth floor; and as he turned and stood in the doorway, facing the women, with his back against the casing, iiis right hand was on the cable, and his left holding the door, which had closed against his arm. The door was open about two and one-half feet. . The plaintiff continued to walk steadily forward. Miss Garthe had a wet umbrella, and she jokingly spattered some drops of water on Brown, and he let go his hold upon the cable and the door, and turned from the elevator suddenly, took a step or two from the doorway, and seized the umbrella. The plaintiff, advancing, in the absence of gaslight, reached the elevator, stopped, and looked ahead, saw the door standing open, and supposing -that she saw the elevator car, walked in, and fell a distance of some twelve feet into the cellar, breaking her leg, from which resulted an amputation, and sustaining injuries for which this action was brought. The door stood about two and one-half feet open at the time she passed in. There was some evidence tending to show that the door was stuck on the uneven and worn shoulder. She had ridden upon the elevator on previous occasions, and on no occasion had she seen the door open, except when the elevator car was at the landing. She had in one hand, at the time she entered the building, a dinner box, and in the other a can of coffee, and did not herself touch the door. She had been accustomed to use the elevator with some forty other women for approach to the fourth floor, where she was engaged in the performance of her duties, and apparently, from her experience and observation of such use, she supposed that, when the door was open, it indicated that the elevator car was present. It appears in the evidence that the hus

p. 66

band of the defendant had previously received a warning that the condition of the elevator door was defective. He was at that time acting as manager for his wife, and, as such, was carrying on the business, and he knew that the door did not have automatic attachments, and had seen the elevator door remain partly open on some occasions. There is no exact evidence as to the length of time-that elapsed from the moment when Brown stepped away from the door and the moment when plaintiff fell. There is evidence to the effect that, from the time Brown stepped out of the opening and the time when the plaintiff walked in, the door remained in a stationary position, leaving an opening of about two and one-half feet, and that the door was stationary when the plaintiff passed into the opening.=

In chapter 462 of the Laws of 1887, in section 8, it is provided as follows;

“It shall be the duty of the owner, agent or lessee of any manufacturing establishment where hoisting shafts or well holes are-used, to cause the same to be properly and substantially enclosed or secured, if in the option of the inspector it is necessary to protect the life or limbs, of those employed in such establishments. It shall also be the duty of the owner, agent or lessee to provide, or cause to be provided, such proper trap or automatic doors, so-fastened in or at all elevator ways as to form a substantial surface wl)@q glased, and so constructed as to open and close by action of tfre elevator in its passage, either ascending or descending.”

The evidence warranted a finding by the jury that the statute-had not been complied with by the defendant. Gfuetig, the factory inspector, who had been in the discharge of his duty upon the premises of the defendant, and made an examination of the door, testified as follows, viz.:

“ I worked the door myself. It didn’t work. I opened it. It didn’t close when the elevator left it. It was not closed at the time, it was open, when I came there. * * * The door itself and its connections had no connection with the elevator. * * An automatic door on,an elevator is a door that works by the-action of the elevator itself; either going up or coming down opens the elevator door when it strikes a landing, and closes it when it leaves it; a door which is governed and held in place by the action of the elevator in its motion, ascending or descending.”

The witness added:

“ Then there are others that have trapdoors that open and shut. * * * There always must be a weight to close them.”

The evidence shows that the defendant’s elevator door was hung by iron supports to wheels resting on the tracks, moving in grooves; the tracks inclined towards the shutting of the door; and that the door, if it followed the incline downward, would shut. It was about six feet in width, and six and one-half to seven feet high, and the sill was a solid board, grooved out go as to leave a shoulder on eaph side. Trucks were used on the ground floor for wheeling go,o¿is, and they were wheeled across fti'e sills into the elevator, apd they had slivered the shoulder, and worn it down, so that it h&cl become uneven, rounded, and would allow the door to catch.

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“ As the door approached being shut, it would gradually go down into these grooves, and, the shoulders being worn off, it didn’t run perfectly straight. It would catch on these shoulders, and stop. Instead of shutting, it would then stand partly open, without any one’s holding it.” That condition of things had existed some six months prior to the accident. It appeared in the evidence that, “ before the time of the accident, there was no person whose business it was to regulate the elevator regularly,” and that, “there were no published or oral rules with reference to its operation.

Whether the defendant was guilty of negligence which contributed to the injury received by the plaintiff, and whether the plaintiff was free of contributory negligence, were questions of fact which should have been submitted to the jury. Freeman v. Glens Falls Paper Mill Co., 39 St. Rep. 621 ; Tousey v. Roberts, 114 N. Y. 316 ; 23 St. Rep. 223 ; Peil v. Reinhart, 127 N. Y. 381 ; 38 St. Rep. 913 ; Morrison v. Metropolitan Telegraph Co., 52 St. Rep. 601 . But it is contended by the respondent that the plaintiff assumed any risk that might be caused by the defects and insufficiencies of the approaches and appliances in and about the elevator. It appears by the evidence that she had been for some five months in the employ of the defendant, and had most of that time used the elevated in the morning and evening, as she had occasion to approach and leave the room on the fourth floor, where she was engaged in the performance of her duties for the defendant. Plaintiff testified:

“I knew nothing about the appliances the elevator had or didn’t have to cause it to open or shut. I never saw the door open only when the elevator was there, and somebody there to hold it open. I had never seen it standing open without anybody holding it, as upon this morning.”

In Benzing v. Steinway, 101 N. Y. 547 ; it was said:

“The risks of the service which a servant assumes in entering the employment of a master are those only which occur after the due performance by the employer'of those duties which the law enjoins upon him.”

Ford v. L. S. & M. S. Railroad Co., 124 N. Y. 493 ; 36 St. Rep. 494 .

The rule is restated in Abel v. D. & H. Canal Co., 128 N. Y. 662 ; 40 St. Rep. 626 ; Pantzar v. Mining Co., 99 N. Y. 369 ; Davidson v. Cornell, 132 N. Y. 234 ; 43 St. Rep. 887 .

In Knisley v. Pratt, 75 Hun, 323 ; 58 St. Rep. 213 , allusion was made to the rule in the following language:

“A servant who enters the employ of a master assumes the risk incident to such employment where the dangerous structures or implements are open and visible and known to him; but in case the employer owes such employe a duty which is not discharged, and is guilty of negligence in not performing such duty, if the injury is the result of such negligence of duty the risk is not one which is assumed by the servant.”

We think it should not be stated, “as matter of law, that, under the facts of the present case, the plaintiff assumed the risk.” Warn v. N. Y. C. & H. R. Railroad Co., 80 Hun, 71 ; 61 St. Rep. 585 .

p. 68

In Simpson v. N. Y. Rubber Co., 80 Hun, 415 ; 62 St. Rep. 93 , the rule is again stated, and a majority of the court held in that case that a party, “knowing that the machinery is not guarded as prescribed by statute, does not waive the provisions of the statute, nor does he assume such obvious risks as are incident to the use of the machinery without the required safeguards.” In that case the plaintiff knew of the defects, and continued in the employ, and the trial court refused to charge that he waived the provisions of the statute, and assumed such obvious risks as were incident to the use of the machinery in that condition; and a majority of the court, at general term, approved of the refusal to so charge.

In the case in hand the evidence was sufficient to justify the jury in finding that the plaintiff had no knowledge of the defects and insufficiencies in regard to the appliances and surroundings of the elevator in use upon defendant’s premises. Under such circumstances, we think it was error to hold as matter of law, as apparently the trial judge did, that the plaintiff assumed the risks occasioned by such defects and deficiencies.

The case of Cullen v. Norton, 36 St. Rep. 359 , differs from the case in hand. There the accident resulted from a negligent act done in the very course of the work, and by a fellow workman of the deceased. The master had provided a competent and experienced foreman, who had been in his employ a number of j'ears, and was not chargeable with the consequences “of a place for work made dangerous only by the carelessness and neglect of a felloy servant.”

We think the nonsuit was erroneously granted. Judgment and order reversed on the exceptions, and a new trial ordered, with costs to abide the event.

All concur.

Cases cited

Peil v. Reinhart 127 N. Y. 381 N.Y. 1891-06-23 p. 67
Benzing v. Steinway & Sons 101 N. Y. 547 N.Y. 1886-03-02 p. 67
Ford v. Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway Co. 124 N. Y. 493 N.Y. 1891-03-17 p. 67
Abel v. President of the Delaware & Hudson Canal Co. 128 N. Y. 662 N.Y. 1891-10-27 p. 67