Loder v. Hatfield

benefit of the devisee or the estate devised to him, then they did not lapse and fall into the inheritance, either by the death of the legatees before marriage, or their failure to depart from the house of the devisee during life. The concession is based upon the authorities which thus declare the rule.^[16]

The application of the rule thus stated, depends upon the circumstances of each case. If the condition was annexed to the legacy, and not its payment, the rule would in general be more in harmony, it would seem, with the intent of the testator. It may be that the gift and the time of its payment are necessarily united, and are the same, therefore, in legal effect, but there are cases not in the courts of this State, in which the doctrine is promulgated that, unless the condition or contingency applies to the legacy itself, the direction of its payment at a future day does not affect it, and it vests immediately. The rule itself, as pronounced in this State, must necessarily rest upon the supposed intention of the testator, which is a governing principle ' in the construction of wills, and is generally called into exercise where the payment of the legacy is deferred until the marriage of the legatee, or until he arrives at age. It is nevertheless qualified by circumstances affecting either the legatee or the devisee, in reference to the payment of .the legacy, as we have seen.^[17] The question here, therefore, on that subject, neither contingency in reference to payment having-occurred, is, whether the postponement of payment was for the benefit of the estate or the devisee. The legacies are, by the terms employed, absolute in character: “ I order and direct my said son Jonathan, to pay unto my three daughters, Hannah, Eunice and Sarah, $400 each, which I give and bequeath to them and their heirs forever; ” and they'were charged upon the farm or homestead given to Jonathan, which he took upon the expressed condition or proviso that he should pay the legacies. The gift is in the first paragraph of the will succeeding the proviso. In the second paragraph, and therefore not immediately connected with the gift, the provision in reference to the time when the legacies shall be paid is found. That paragraph begins: “ And furthermore, I order

and direct that my four daughters, Phebe, Hannah, Eunice and Sarah, shall live with Jonathan and their mother, and to have a support on the farm, and to assist as usually they have done, in carrying on the business in the house, and the money I have bequeathed them to be paid in one year after they shall severally marry or be inclined to leave Jonathan and their mother, and live elsewhere.”

It will be perceived that the testator alludes to the legacies not as such eo nomine, but as the money he has bequeathed them, which is to be paid when they marry or determine to leave their mother, and live elsewhere, and thus reaffirms the intention that the legacy to each should be paid, and not be contingent upon any event. The phrase, “ the money I have bequeathed them,” coupled with the words, “ $400 which I give and bequeath to them and their heirs forever,” leaves no room for conjecture from the language employed, as to the intent of the testator to give his daughters, under any and all circumstances, a vested legacy in the sum named. This intention is one which the courts would not fail to carry out, unless there was in some other feature of the will a controlling legal element to the contrary.^[16]

It is necessary here, nevertheless, to consider whether the postponement of payment, or rather the time allowed the devisee to pay the legacies, was or was not for his benefit. It seems to be evident that the question depends much upon the character of the bequest. Here, as we have seen, it seems to be in form a vested and absolute legacy. The payment of it in one year after the legatee should marry, or be inclined to leave the devisee and her mother, was not for the benefit of the legatee, but, as asserted by the plaintiff, for the benefit of Jonathan, the devisee, so that he should not be burdened with the support of the legatees and the payment of the legacies at the same time. It was for his benefit also, because it gave him one year after such support had ceased to be obligatory upon him by the marriage or departure of the legatee, within which to pay the legacy. This was not a provision in reference to the circumstances of the legatee. There was nothing in the surroundings or condition of the legatees, which required any precaution as to the payment, or the consideration of any circum

stance, which made it advisable to expedite the payment on their account. They were provided for. They were to live at the homestead if they chose to do so, and to be supported there by the devisee, who took the devise burdened with that obligation, although they were to assist as before, “ in carrying on the business in the house,” and thus to a certain extent earning their support. With regard to the devise, however, a different view is presented. It may be assumed with propriety, that the circumstances of the estate, or those of the devisee, were such as to make it advantageous to have a year to gather up and pay the legacy which would become payable by either of the contingencies expressed. This would appear to be so, because the devisee could not, by the terms of the will, sell the estate or his interest- in it, until the death of his mother, the testator’s widow ; and not having any power to sell, he would be compelled to get the money from other sources. The testator, though he charged the land with the payment of the legacies, intended that, on the happening of either contingency named, and within one year thereafter, they should be paid whether the land was sold or not. It would seem, therefore, that, duly considering the bequests made, the circumstances and condition of the legatees, and the circumstances of the estate and of the devise, that the time given for the payment of the legacies was designed for the benefit of the estate, and not of the legatees of the money; and they did not, therefore, lapse and become a part of the inheritance.

The legatee Sarah Hatfield died on the 8th May, 1856, but this action was not commenced until the 15th May, 1873, and it is said that the claim is barred by the statute of limitations. The statute of limitations does not, in terms, specify the time within which an action must be brought to recover the amount of a legacy, but it has been declared, and it seems to be sustained by the provisions of the statutes, that it must be brought within ten years from the time it becomes payable.^[16] The Revised Statutes provided that whenever there was a concurrent jurisdiction of courts of common law, and in courts of equity, of any cause of action, the time'limited for the commencement of such cause of action in a court of common law, should apply to all suits brought for the same cause in the Court of Chancery.^[17] But if it be a case where the Court of Chancery alone

have jurisdiction, the suit should be commenced within the time prescribed for the commencement of suits of the same character in equity, the subject-matter of the suit not being cognizable in the courts of common law.^[16]

The Revised Statutes also declared that bills for relief in equity in all cases not provided for in chapter 4, “ Of actions and the times of commencing them,” should be filed within ten years after the cause thereof should accrue, and not after,^[17] This action is .one on the equity side of the court, praying the sale of the premises for , the payment of the legacies with which they were charged assuming them to be, as indeed they are, an equitable charge upon the estate devised.^[14] The case of McCartee v. Camel^[15] was commenced before the Code of Procedure was adopted. The seventy-third section of the Code repealed the provisions contained in the chapter 4^[10] “ Of actions and the times of commencing them,” and substituted the provisions of title 11, of the Code, entitled, “ Of the time of commencing actions.” There are many causes of action specifically designated in this title, but the action by a legatee is not one of them, and there is not therefore any express limitation as to them contained in it. There is not in that title any reference eo nomine to equitable actions or actions of an equitable nature, but there is a provision similar to that contained in the Revised Statutes, and to which reference has been made herein, and which is as follows: Section 97.*“ An action for relief not hereinbefore provided for, must be commenced within ten years after the cause of action shall have accrued.” It would thus appear that both by the Revised Statutes, and since the Code, this action, on account of its nature, is one which must be brought within ten years after the action accrued. An action to enforce an equitable remedy, must be brought within ten years, under section 97 of the Code.^[11]

The cognizance of legacies was confined in England to ecclesiastical and equity courts, and the common-law courts did not assume jurisdiction in suits for legacies, except upon an express promise by an

executor, in consideration of forbearance,^[16] or unless there was evidence that the personal representative held the money, not as executor or administrator, but in his individual character, upon a new contract for a loan of it to him.^[17] But our statute provided that an action might be brought, if there were sufficient assets in the hands of the executor to pay the debts and the legacies; and the Revised Statutes^[14] provide that if there be more than sufficient assets in the hands of the executor or administrator to discharge the debts of the testator or intestate, a legatee, after the expiration of one year from the time of the granting of letters testamentary or administration, and after a reasonable demand made, and on executing a bond such as designated, may commence an action to recover the legacy against the executor or administrator. -These provisions conferred jurisdiction upon the common-law courts to entertain actions for legacies against executors and administrators, but this is not such an action. The remedy given against the executor or administrator, therefore, founded upon the statute, is one which must be pursued within six years after the cause of action accrues.^[15] It is based on the assumption that there are sufficient assets to pay the legacy.

When the action is against the devisee of 'the land charged with the payment of the legacy, or his heirs, as in this case, and not against the executor or administrator, it is, as already stated, one in its nature equitable, and may be commenced at any time within ten years after the cause of action accrues.

If there were, during the six years, sufficient assets in thq hands of the executor or administrator to pay the legacy, and such fact were set up as an answer to the claim of the legatee, it would perhaps require the consideration of a question- that does not arise here. The action is, as suggested, against the heirs of the devisee, and not against the executor or administrator of the testator. There is no question about the right of the plaintiff to the legacy of Eunice, unless it lapsed. The action as to that was commenced in time.

It is claimed, however, that no interest should be given. The right to it has been settled. The land of which the defendants became the owners, was charged with the payment of the legacy, and they took it cum onere;^[16] and the land yielding profits, the payment of interest upon the legacy is just and reasonable, though not demanded when due.^[17] It should be computed from the 8th May, 1857, which was one year after the death of Eunice.

The testator contemplated that a period of one year should elapse after the legacy became due, before its payment could be enforced.

The judgment must, therefore, be affirmed as to the legacy given to Eunice, and reversed as to the legacy given to Sarah, without costs to either party.

Davis, P. J., and Daniels, J., concurred.

Ordered accordingly.