p. 323evidence to introduce. “ Sheriff’s counsel said they had not, and rested their case on the governor’s warrant.” The judge held that ■“ if there was any further evidence to be introduced he would receive it and consider all the points raised together at the end of the proceedings.” To this ruling the defendant’s counsel took an exception. Thereupon the defendant called two witnesses who gave evidence, .and thereafter the defendant again moved for his discharge, and apparently the judge took time to consider and prepared an opinion, the termination of which is as follows, viz.: “We, therefore, hold that the warrant is invalid and the relator'must be discharged.”
Qha/rles F. Tabor, attorney-general, and L H. Maynard, for People, appellant.
H. F. <& J. Coupe, for respondent Scrafford.
Article 3 in the Code of Civil Procedure prescribes the practice in regard to writs of habeas corpus. Section 2015 provides that a person imprisoned or restrained in his liberty is entitled to a writ of habeas corpus. Section 2017 provides that the application for the writ must be made by a written petition, and mention the courts and officers who may allow the same. Section 2031 provides that the court or judge before whom the prisoner is brought “ must, immediately after the return of the writ, examine into the facts alleged in the return, and into the cause of the imprisonment or restraint of the prisoner, and must make a final order to discharge him therefrom, if no lawful cause for the imprisonment or restraint, or for the continuance thereof, is shown.” * * * Section 2058 provides, viz.: “An appeal may be taken from an order refusing to grant a writ of habeas corpus * * * or from a final order, made upon the return of such a writ, to discharge or remand a prisoner, or. to dismiss the proceedings.” Section 2059 provides, viz.: “An appeal from a final order, discharging a prisoner committed upon a criminal accusation, or from the affirmance of such an order, may be taken in the name of the People by the attorney-general or the district attorney.” Py section 1991 of the Code of Civil Procedure it is provided that a writ of habeas corpus and writs of' certiorayi “ shall hereafter be styled, collectively, .State writs ; ” and by section 1995 of the Code of Civil Procedure it is provided that
p. 324parties to a special proceeding instituted by a State writ may appear by attorney; and that section further provides that “ where the attorney-general or the district attorney does not appear for the people, the attorney for the relator is deemed also the attorney for the people.” We are of the opinion that the order is appealable, and that the appeal was properly taken by the service of the notice of appeal upon the clerk and upon the attorneys of the defendant, and that the motion to dismiss the appeal should be denied. (Code of Civil Pro., § 1995; id., § 1300; id., § 799; 1 R. S. [8th ed.], § 1, tit. 5, chap. 8, pt. 1, p. 522; id., § 7, p. 523; Code of Civil Pro., § 2059.)
If, upon the warrant before the judge ujion the return of the habeas corpus, the copy of an indictment against the defendant or the affidavits which were presented to the Governor, being the. papers upon which he issued the rendition warrant, had been produced, the same might have been examined by the judge and an objection made by the defendant that they “ were defective in not showing the nature, facts and circumstances of the transaction therein alleged and not disclosing the grounds upon which are based the allegations of illegality” might have been considered. In the case of The People v. Brady ( 56 N. Y., 184 ) it appears “the relator traversed this warrant, setting forth in his answer the affidavits which accompanied the requisition; and alleging, among other things, that the affidavits were defective, etc.” The court, therefore, in that case looked into the affidavits which were used before the Governor and held they were insufficient. In the case before us the affidavits or papers presented to the Governor were not produced before the judge on the return of the writ of habeas corpus, and he derived no knowledge or information of their contents, and hence could not make an adjudication thereon; nor are the affidavits, papers or copy of indictment used before the Governor returned to us, and we are not in a situation to consider their contents and to determine from an inspection of the same whether they presented a proper case for the issuing of a rendition warrant or not. It is a familiar principle that a presumption obtains that a public officer has discharged his duty until the contrary appears. In People ex rel. Draper v. Pinkerton ( 17 Hun, 199 ) it was held, viz.: “ Where a. warrant is issued by the Governor for the rendition of a fugitive from justice, the court cannot go behind the warrant and inquire into the
p. 325truth of the facts recited in it. The Governor, in determining that the act of congress has been complied with, has no jurisdiction to inquire into the truth of the charges made, or to look outside of the papers presented, to determine whether or not the person demanded is a fugitive from justice.' The fact that the person has committed a •crime in another State establishes conclusively that he is a fugitive from justice.” It was also said in that case that when “ the rendition warrant is accompanied by the papers on which it issued the question •as to the sufficiency of those papers, as a compliance with the Act of ■congress, is before the court.” That case was approved by the Court of Appeals ( 77 N. Y., 245 ), and it was held that the “recitals in a warrant of the Governor of this State for the arrest of a fugitive from the justice of another State are to be taken, at least prima facie, as .true.”- And it was further held in that case that a return to a writ of habeas corf us setting forth such a warrant “ which contains recitals of facts necessary to confer authority, under the Constitution •and laws of the United States, to issue it, is a sufficient justification for holding the prisoner, without producing the papers or evidence on which the Governor acted.” It was made an inquiry in that case whether the warrant is conclusive and whether the defendant may not by evidence show that the papers presented to the Governor were, in fact, defective. If it be assumed in this case that the defendant ■should have produced the papers upon which the Governor acted before the judge, and upon their production it would have been shown defective and insufficient, the assumption cannot avail to the defendant, as the papers were not produced either by him or by the people, and the judge could not, therefore, determine as to their validity or insufficiency. In People ex rel. Jourdan v. Donohue ( 84 N. Y., 438 ) it was held, viz.: “ Where the papers upon which a warrant of extradition is issued are withheld by the Executive, the warrant itself can only be looked to for the evidence that the essential conditions of its issue have been complied with, and it is sufficient if it recites what the law requires.” In the opinion delivered in that •ease it was said: “ Where, however, the papers upon which the warrants founded are not produced, but are withheld by the Executive, in the exercise of official discretion and authority, we can look only to the warrant itself, and its recitals, for the evidence that the essential ■conditions of its issue have been fulfilled.” (People ex rel. Draper
p. 326v. Pinkerton. 77 N. Y., 245 .) In that opinion it was further said r “ In this case, as in many others, the warrant only is produced and the papers on which it is founded are withheld. We are to assume that they are withheld in what seems to the Executive the proper performance of official duty. * * * It is enough that the warrant recites what the law requires. We cannot add to it new conditions. * * * We can see no reason why the warrant of the Executive should be required to go beyond a substantial statement of the existence of the conditions necessary to its issue. It was so held in an early case (In re Clark, 9 Wend., 222 ), and which we-think may be wisely followed.” In In re Glcvrh it was distinctly held that a court or judge “ will not inquire as to the probable guilt of the accused ” upon the return of a writ of habeas corpus. And it was further held that “ the only inquiry is whether the warrant on which he is arrested states that the fugitive has been demanded by the Executive of the State from which he is alleged to have fled, and that a copy of the indictment, or an affidavit charging him with having committed treason, felony or other crime, certified by the Executive demanding him as authentic, have been presented.” In the warrant issued by the Executive in the case in hand, it was said that the Governor of Pennsylvania represented that the defendant “ stands charged with the crime of removing his property to prevent the same from being levied upon by execution, which he certifies to be crime under the laws of said State, committed in the county of Potter, in said State, and that he has fled from justice in said State and has taken refuge in the State of New York, and that said Governor of the State of Pennsylvania, pursuant to the Constitution and laws of the United States, demanded of me (the-Governor of the State of New York) that I shall cause the said Le Grange E. Scrofford to be arrested and delivered to William Dannells, who is duly authorized to receive him into his custody and convey him back to the said State of Pennsylvania.” The ■rendition warrant further stated that, “ whereas, the said representation and demand is accompanied by the papers required by the statute of the United States to justify a surrender of, and whereby the said Le Grange E. Scrofford is shown to have been duly charged with the said crime, andwith having fled from said State and taken refuge in the State of New York, which are duly certified by the
p. 327said Governor of the State of Pennsylvania to be authentic and duly authenticated.”
We think this last statement is more than a conclusion of law. It is a plain and clear statement of facts, first, that the representation made by the Governor of Pennsylvania “ is accompanied by the papers required by the statute of the United States to justify the surrender of,” and that the papers show that the defendant has “ been duly charged with said crime, and with having fled from said State and taken refuge in the State of New York.” It also contains the plain and clear statement that the papers “ are duly certified by the said Governor of the State of Pennsylvania to be authentic and duly authenticated.” By section 2 of article 4 of the Constitution of the United States it was made the duty of the Governor, on demand of the executive of Pennsylvania, to deliver up the defendr ant as “ a person charged ” with crime, to the end that he might be dealt with for the crime, and, for the purpose, “ be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime.” The performance of the duty imposed by the provisions of the Constitution of the United States, to which we have referred, was further enforced by the provisions of the act of congress passed in 1793, the essential parts of which act are found in section 5278 of the Revised Statutes of'the United States, page 1027. In speaking of the case in which the Governor acts under the provisions of the Constitution, and the statute to which reference has been made in Taylor v. Taintor ( 16 Wall., 370 ), the-court said, viz.: “ In such cases the Governor acts in his official character, and represents the sovereignty of the State in giving efficacy to the Constitution of the United States and the law of congress.” We see nothing in the pqpers before us to indicate that the duty imposed upon the Governor was not properly performed, and we are of the opinion that the rendition warrant was valid. The performance of the duty of rendition is further imposed upon the Governor by section 827 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.. That section contains a provision to the effect that a person arrested under a warrant of rendition may have a writ of habeas corpus, if he claims not to be the particular person mentioned in said requisition, indictment, affidavit or warrant annexed thereto, or to the warrant issued by the Governor thereon. ' And it is further provided “that, if after a summary hearing, as speedily as may be consistent.
p. 328with justice, the prisoner or prisoners shall be found to be the person or persons indicted or informed against, and mentioned in the requisition, the accompanying papers and the warrant issued by the Governor thereon, then the court or judge shall order and direct the officer intrusted with the execution of the said warrant of the Governor to deliver the prisoner or prisoners into the custody of the agent or agents designated in the requisition and the warrant issued thereon, as the agent or agents upon the part of such State to receive him or them; otherwise to be discharged from custody by the court or judge.” The section also contains another very important provision in the following language: “ If, upon such hearing, the warrant of the Governor shall appear to be defective or improperly executed, it shall be by the court or judge returned to the Governor, together with a statement of the defect or defects, for the purpose of being corrected and returned to the court or judge, and such hearing shall be adjourned a sufficient time for the purpose, and in such interval the prisoner or prisoners shall be held in custody until such hearing be finally disposed of.” It would seem by this provision that if the special county judge had been of the opinion that the warrant of the Executive was defective, he should have complied with this provision which required him to return the same to the Governor with a statement of the defect or defects “ for the purpose of being corrected and returned to the court or judge; ” instead thereof he seems to have been of the opinion that upon discovering any defect in the warrant it was his duty to discharge the defendant. However, as the learned special county judge has held that the recitals in the warrant were insufficient and, apparently, to a large extent based his final action upon such conclusion, we are called upon to meet the question, which, we do by holding that the recitals are sufficient in law. In McCorkle v. Herrman ( 5 N. Y. Supp., 881 ) the question whether certain allegations were those of law or of fact was under consideration and the court observed : “ So, in the ease at bar, where the allegation is that due proceedings were taken by which these liens were filed, the pleader has complied with the rule of alleging conclusions of fact, and not alleging the evidence from which such conclusions must be drawn.” We think the recitals in the warrant should have been taken, prima, facie, true and sufficient. (People v. Pinkerton, 77 N. Y., 245 .)
p. 329We see no force in tlie suggestion made that there was a misnomer. The defendant claimed on the hearing that he spelled his name with an “ a ” and that in the Governor’s warrant
“ o ” was substituted in place thereof. Upon an inspection of the warrant, which was in writing, so far as the name was concerned, it was not entirely clear that the name was written “Scrof” instead of “ Scraf,” besides, the witness Douglas, who was called by the defendant, and who was his brother-in-law, in the course of his testimony was shown the signature of the defendant written by him, and the witness added “ It looks as if it was spelled with an ‘ o ’ there.” It may be observed that with the spelling either way the pronunciation may be such that the sound would he the same whether an co’ or an ‘a’ was used. In
People v.
Pinkerton ( 7 Hun, 203 ) there was a conflict in the evidence as to the real name of the defendant. In disposing of that question, Gilbert, J., said : “ But taking the whole evidence, we think it was correctly determined that he is the person intended, whatever his real •Christian name may be.” That case was approved by the Court of Appeals in 77 New York, 215, and the opinion of Gilbert, J"., approved. Besides, if the special county judge had supposed there was any force in the criticism as to the spelling of the defendant’s name, it would have been more seemly if, in accordance with the provisions of section 827 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, he had returned the same to the Governor to the end that the clerical correction, if needed, might be made. By all that appeared before the judge it was quite apparent that the defendant was the person intended, and that if there was any mistake in the orthography as to his name he was not prejudiced thereby. We think the circumstances relating to the spelling of his name, as they appeared before the judge, furnished no sufficient ground for the discharge of the defendant. These views lead to the conclusion that the order should be reversed.
Martin, J., concurred; Merwin, J., not voting.
Motion to dismiss the appeal denied ; order reversed.