p. 155of Timothy Shea, on the 28th of September, 1848, by firing a pistol at him.
The indictment contained two counts, one charging that the pistol was fired by Austin by the aid and procurement of Nes-bitt, and the other that the firing was by Nesbitt, and that Austin aided and encouraged.
After the testimony for the prosecution closed, which tended to show that Austin had fired the pistol, J. Graham, for the defence, moved that the prosecution be put to their election on which count they intended to ask for the conviction of the prisoner. He insisted that the prosecution, having now got in all its testimony, was able definitely to inform the prisoner of the precise nature of the charge of which they claimed him to be guilty, and that it was his right to know, so as to determine how to shape his defence.
II. G. Wheaton (who appeared instead of the attorney general)
insisted that the right to compel an election existed only when the indictment contained distinct charges, and not where,/ as in this case, it contained only charges connected with the same transaction.
Edmonds, J. — That is undoubtedly the true rule where the two offences charged form parts of one transaction, yet are of such a nature that the defendant may be found guilty of both. The prosecutor will not be called on to elect upon which charge he will proceed, for in such case the joinder of counts 'can not prejudice the defendants, which is the only ground on which this application to the discretion of the court can be founded. The right of election is confined to cases where the indictment contains charges which are actually distinct and grow out of different transactions. Thus the prosecution will not be compelled to elect on an indictment charging both larceny and receiving stolen goods, where it appears by the indictment that the charges relate to the same transaction modified to meet the proof, nor when several counts are inserted in an indictment solely for the purpose of meeting the evidence as it
p. 157been made to him of some money if he would remove from the state.
After the prisoner had entered upon his defence, his counsel offered to prove several acts of this witness going to show a desire to obtain from the prisoner pecuniary satisfaction for the injury which he had received by the death of his son, and what had taken place between him and the prisoner’s agent in that respect.
Wheaton, for the prosecution,
objected that the examination of the witness on this subject had been to a matter entirely collateral to the main issue, and that the defence were therefore bound by his answers and could not contradict them.
D. Graham, for the prisoner,
contended, first, that it was not collateral matter so that the defence was bound by the answer and, second, that the testimony was proper, independent of what the witness had said on his examination, as it might tend to show him governed by corrupt or revengeful feelings, and it would enable the jury to judge what credit to give him when they should learn that he had attempted to make money out of a transaction which had resulted in the death of his son.
Wheaton, in reply,
said that since our statute of 1847, which had given to the relatives of a person killed under circumstances which would constitute a trespass, a right to recover damages for the injury sustained by the loss of the deceased, it could be no impeachment to-, the credit of a witness to seek to avail himself of the benefit of the statute. •
Edmonds, J. — I was not aware that the statute gave the remedy for damages in such cases as this. I supposed it was confined to cases of persons traveling in public conveyances. It grew out of injuries on railroads and steam boat accidents, but I see that it extends to all cases where death is caused by the wrongful act, neglect or default of any person or corporation, and the party injured, if living, might have maintained an
p. 159mony would not be proper. But when offered to contradict his testimony, it has a different aspect. In the view which I have already stated, the question put on the cross-examination of this witness might have been objected to and perhaps excluded. But it was asked and answered without objection and the inquiry was fully gone into on both sides in order to ascertain the feelings with which he testified. That surely can not be called collateral, for any inquiry which is allowed having that object in view is pertinent and relevant to the main issue. In regard to such matters it is always open to contradict what the witness himself has said on the subject. With that view and to that extent the inquiry will now be allowed.
The witness, John Shea, on his cross-examination, had been asked whether on the evening of the affray and immediately after his son had been shot, he had said to two men in his basement that he did not know who had fired the pistoll To which he had testified that he had not said so, but a good many persons had spoken to him that evening, that he did not know whether they were friends or enemies and had not been always particular as to what he did say.
For the defence, a police officer was introduced who said he entered the basement directly upon the first alarm and saw the dead body lying on the floor, and he asked some questions of the witness Shea. ' His answers being offered in evidence,.
Wheaton, for the prosecution,
objected, because the proper foundation had not been laid, as the attention of the witness had not been particularly called to the police officer by name.
Edmonds, J. — His attention was challenged to the particular circumstances and occasion, to every thing, indeed, except the name of the person to whom it is now alleged he made the declarations offered in evidence, so that he has had a full opportunity of recollecting and explaining what he has formerly said. The main thing is first to ask him, whether or no • he has said or declared that which is intended to be proved. A11 that has been done in this case, and the only omission has
p. 161that Patrick Shea, who was standing by the bar, could easily extinguish it with a breath. After the firing, the prisoner retreated towards the police station house, distant about 100 feet from the scene of the affray. On the way which he had passed a pistol was afterwards found. Austin repaired directly to the station house, where he was met by the captain of the police, who, observing him to be very bloody, ordered him. to be taken care of and a physician to be sent for. On examining him it was found that he had received a very severe wound in the forehead with some sharp instrument which had cut through the rim of his hat. and which stupefied him, a hole was cut through one cheek, as if by a stab from an oyster knife, and various bruises on his head and body, showing that he had received at least nine blows. He was too ill from these wounds to be removed from the station house for several days, and several weeks elapsed before he arose from his bed.
There was much contradictory evidence in the case. The father of the deceased swore positively to his having seen the prisoner firing the pistol from the sidewalk, after the affray was over, while other witnesses testified that he was an habitual drunkard; that he had gone to bed very drunk that afternoon, and was asleep in another room when the affray began, and was just rising from his bed as his son expired.
It was also proved that the family of the Sheas was very debased, the daughter being a strumpet, the mother sharing with her the wages of her prostitution; the deceased had been a convict in the state prison, and his brother, one of the witnesses, was then in confinement on a charge of stealing, and ■that the house they kept had frequently attracted the notice of the police for its riotous and disorderly character.
JD. and J. Graham,, of counsel for the prisoner,
made the following points:
I. In order to make homicide, by an act imminently dangerous to others, murder, it must be occasioned by an act committed when the mind is in the same mood as would be necessary to make the act murder if it was committed upon a particular
p. 163ment, they became trespassers in so doing, and the defendant would have the right to act in self-defence.
X. If Austin discharged the pistol under an honest supposition that his life was in danger, or that some great personal injury was about to be done to him, he is not.guilty of an offence.
XI. If the defendant, though in no danger of serious bodily harm, through fear, alarm or cowardice, discharged the pistol at the deceased, or .into the basement, under the impression that great bodily injury was about to be inflicted upon him, it is not an offence.
J. McKeon (district attorney), and Wheaton, for the prosecution,
made the following points:
1. If the jury believe the prisoner armed himself with this deadly weapon, with an intent to use it against human life, if he.should get into an affray, and was induced or encouraged to provoke the affray in question or unnecessarily to continue it after it had been commenced by others, by the fact of his being thus armed, and did use it against the life of Timothy Shea, in ■ the manner proved by the witness, he is guilty of murder.
2. That if the jury believe the prisoner was so far self-possessed as to be able to restrain his passion while in the basement receiving the blows, although his weapon was then at hand, and omitted to use it till he had got out of the basement and out of the more immediate view of the inmates, and then used it as proved by the witnesses, he has exhibited all the deliberation which the law requires to be guilty of murder.
in charging the jury, said, that the first question for them to determine was, whether the prisoner had fired the pistol. This was sworn to positively by two witnesses: Shea, the father, and Clara King, a girl of the town, who was passing at the moment. The testimony of the father was not to be relied upon. His character, his intoxication,'his strong feelings and the falsehoods which had been proved against him, forbid the idea of giving much credit to .him. The testimony of the girl, however, had not been impeached, but had been corróbo-
p. 164rated by several independent circumstances in the case, and particularly by the facts that all the witnesses unite in saying, the firing was from the very spot, where all agree that the prisoner was at the time; that the pistol when found was bloody, and that he alone of all the party was bleeding; that he had an inducement to do it, whether from motives of revenge or in self-defence; that the direction of both shots was from where Austin was, back upon those who had beat him; that the pistol was found at a spot which he had just passed; that he who fired the pistol wore a white hat, and that the prisoner alone had such a hat that evening. From these considerations, the jury must determine whether it was not the prisoner who fired the pistol, and in determining it, they must bear in mind that the evidence to satisfy them must exclude, to a moral certainty, every hypothesis but that of guilt, that the conviction of guilt must flow naturally from the facts proved and not by a forced or strained construction, and be consistent with all the facts, for 'if any one fact is utterly inconsistent with that conclusion it can not follow; and that, in case of doubt, it is safest to acquit, for the protection of innocence has an equal claim upon the administration of justice with the punishment of guilt.
If upon this question, the conclusion of the jury should be adverse to the prisoner, the next inquiry would be into the nature and quality of the act which should be thus established against him, and whether the homicide was justifiable or excusable, or was murder or manslaughter.
The homicide would be justifiable under our law, only in case it was committed by the prisoner when there was reasonable grounds to apprehend a design to do him some great personal injury, and there was imminent danger of such design being accomplished. But of this the jury were to be judges, not the prisoner, and it was for them to say from all the circumstances proved before them, whether there was reasonable ground for such apprehension, and whether there was, at the moment the fatal shot was fired, imminent danger that some great personal injury would have been done to the prisoner.
This would depend mainly upon the facts when and from
p. 165what position the pistol was fired? If fired after the prisoner has escaped from the party in the house and after he had reached the sidewalk, it may have flowed from a spirit of revenge for the injuries under which he was smarting.
But if he fired before he had extricated himself from the party, who had thus forcibly drawn him into the building, and had there displayed towards him such unjustifiable violence, he might at the moment have very reasonably apprehended farther personal injury and might be justifiable in using the means at hand to protect himself from it.
There was, however, another view of the case in which the prisoner might be justified, even if he had fired the pistol after he had left the basement. One of the witnesses had testified that the prisoner had been followed from the basement by one of the party inside, and had been struck with a chair while ascending the steps on his retreat. If this were so, then the apprehension of personal injury would not cease with the prisoner’s leaving the basement, and the imminent danger in which he had been placed might have continued up to the moment of firing the pistol, and thus he be justified in firing it.
If the jury were not satisfied that it was justifiable, they were next to inquire whether it was excusable. It is so under our law when committed by accident or misfortune, in the heat of a passion upon a sudden and sufficient provocation, or upon a sudden combat without any dangerous weapon being used. The nature of the weapon used, and the manner in which it was used, must be mainly instrumental in determining this question.* Thus if, in the heat of passion, upon sufficient provocation or upon a sudden combat, a man had used his walking stick, or a butcher in his stall had used his knife that lay near him, or a cooper used the adze with which he was then at work, and had given a blow which was fatal, but without any intention to take life, the homicide might be excusable. But that could hardly be where the weapon used was of a dangerous character, constructed solely for the purpose of taking life and which could scarcely be fired off without hazarding it. If in the melee the r risoner had used the pistol as he might any other
p. 166hard substance found at the instant in his pocket, by striking a blow with it calculated rather to w*und than- to kill, but had killed, it might be attributed to accident or misfortune. But that could not with propriety be predicated of the act of intentionally firing the pistol and unless such firing was justifiable, it was either murder or manslaughter.
Whether the act was murder or manslaughter under our statute, depended entirely upon the existence of an intention to kill either some particular person, or generally some one of a number of persons against whom in a mass the fatal act is perpetrated. There is only one homicide known to our law which becomes murder in the absence of an intention to effect death, and that is when the act is perpetrated by one then engaged in committing a felony. Except in that one case, no homicide is murder without an intention to kill and with such an intention, every homicide, with the single exception already mentioned, unless it be justifiable, is murder, whether the intention is formed on the instant or has long been entertained.
Such intention may be inferred from the act itself, for it may be one which of itself plainly indicates a heart regardless of social duty and fatally bent on mischief, and men are to be presumed to intend the natural and inevitable consequences of the acts which they willfully perform, but unless there be such an intention, the act can- not be more than manslaughter.
It would readily be perceived that this view of the statute had entirely superseded many of the rules of the law of homicide as it existed in England and which had been quoted on this occasion, and among them the whole doctrine of implied malice and the power of recent provocation to reduce the act from murder to manslaughter.
The English law provided very slight punishment for manslaughter, sometimes as low as the fine of a shilling and never beyond a year’s imprisonment. To remove from the operation of so inadequate a penalty acts of peculiar barbarity, such as that of the schoolmaster who whipped a scholar until it died, and that of the master chimney-swreeper whose boy stuck fast in the chimney and was killed by the violent manner in which
p. 167he was pulled from the place, the English courts adopted the principle of implying malice, where there was. in fact no p.re? meditated design to take life. On the- Other hand, lest such a principle should extend too far, they adopted another principle, which gave to recent provocation, and the fact that the passions had not time to cool, the power o| modifying the acts from murder to manslaughter.
All this had been done away by- our statute. If the homicide had been perpetrated without an intention to kill it would be manslaughter and no more, except in the single case of its perpetration by one engaged in committing a felony. B.ut if perpetrated with an intention to kill, no matter how recent the provocation or how high the passions, it was murder. An act of homicide perpetrated with a premeditated design to effect death, though in the very highest flight of passion, and springing from even an existing provocation, can find no resting place in our statute except under the definition of murder or justifiable homicide, and the intention to- kilt being established, there is no degree or description of manslaughter in this statute which can embrace it.
That this is the intention of the statute is manifest not only from a careful perusal of all its enactments relative to homicide, but also from the recommendations- of the revisors. They proposed that murder should include a homicide when perpetrated from a premeditated design to do some great bodily injury, although without a design to effect death,, thus recognizing and adopting the principle of implied malice and defending it on the ground that the transaction would be such as would ordinarily lead to the result of taking life. But the legislature refused to adopt the suggestion and enacted a section, which, in the language of the revisors was “ founded on the great principle that to constitute murder there should be an express design to take life or such circumstances as to induce a very strong presumption of such a design.”
This view of the law will commend itself to our favorable regard, not merely because it confines the crime of murder within its legitimate bounds of a premeditated design to take
p. 168life, but because it effectually destroys the doctrine of allowing sudden provocation and heat of passion to mitigate the offence, a doctrine most dangerous in its operation, because it tolerates the practice of carrying arms, and takes from the sudden use of them the consequences that ought justly to follow. No man can under our laws go habitually armed and in an affray use those arms with an intent to kill, without incurring the hazard of a conviction for murder, and no violence of provocation, no height of passion can mitigate or extenuate the offence. It will be murder if there is an intention to kill, unless self defence demands the sacrifice. The practice out of which this dase has sprung is ‘too pernicious to be tolerated. No life would have been taken, if the person who fired the pistol, whoever he might have been, had not gone into the affray with so deadly a weapon. The same remark is applicable to the last case tried in this court and the sooner this law becomes well known, and understood, and rigidly enforced, the better; for far better the land though stricken with poverty, where the unseen majesty of the law affords its sure protection to all,' and where the atmosphere of its supremacy pervades every tenement however humble, than that where gold may be gathered at every footstep, but where every man is armed to the death against his fellow, where every breath is drawn amid the rattling of armor, and every pulsation beats with the apprehension of instant conflict.
The inquiry, therefore, would be, was there a design to effect death? For if there was, however recent in birth, the offence was murder, but if there was an intention to wound only — a design to do some great bodily harm and not to kill, it was ’ manslaughter and no more.
The prisoner was acquitted.