Majority
Martland J.
proof, there was no substantial wrong or miscarriage of justice occasioned to the plaintiff which would permit the ordering of a new trial within the requirement of s. 28(1) of The Judicature Act, R.S.O. 1960, c. 197.
S.C.R. 871, referred to.]
APPEAL from a judgment of the Court of
Appeal for Ontario dismissing an appeal from a judgment of King J., which was rendered on the verdict of a jury and in which the plaintiff's action for assault was dismissed. Appeal allowed and new trial ordered, Martland and Judson JJ.
dissenting.
J. Sopinka, for the plaintiff, appellant.
G. H. Lochead, Q.C., for the defendants, respondents.
The judgment of Martland and Judson JJ.
was delivered by
J. (dissenting)-This case involves an action for assault against the defendant, Balaban (hereinafter referred to as "the defendant"), and his employer, Fersu Hotel Limited (hereinafter referred to as "the Company"). The incidents which gave rise to it occurred in the Ladies'
Beverage Room in the Company's hotel, in Galt,
Ontario, during the evening of December 23,
1965, when the defendant sought to have the plaintiff leave the premises.
The action was tried before a jury, which, in answer to the following question, gave the following answer:
Question 1: Did the defendant Balaban, without lawful excuse, commit an assault and battery on the plaintiff Mann?
Answer: No.
On the basis of this answer, the action was dismissed, no order being made as to costs. An appeal to the Court of Appeal of Ontario, by unanimous decision, was dismissed, with costs.
There were no written reasons. The present appeal is from that judgment.
de la preuve, il n'y a pas eu un pr6judice s6rieux ou erreur judiciaire au d6triment du demandeur qui permettrait d'ordonner un nouveau procks, conform6ment aux dispositions de l'art. 28(1) de la loi The Judicature Act, R.S.O. 1960, c. 197.
Arr~ts mentionn6s: Cook c. Lewis, [1951] R.C.S. 830; Miska c. Sivec [1959] O.R. 144; O'Tierney c. Concord Tavern Ltd., [1960] O.W.N. 533; Ristow c. Wetstein, [1934] R.C.S. 128; Leslie c. The Canadian Press, [1956] R.C.S. 871.
APPEL d'un jugement de la Cour d'appel d'Ontario, rejetant un appel d'un jugement du Juge King, qui a 6t6 rendu sur le verdict d'un jury et par lequel le demandeur a td d6bout6 de son action pour voies de fait. Appel accueilli et nouveau procks ordonn6, les Juges Martland et Judson 6tant dissidents.
J. Sopinka, pour le demandeur, appelant. G. H. Lochead, c.r., pour les d6fendeurs, intimes.
Le jugement des Juges Martland et Judson a 6t6 rendu par
LE (dissident)-La pr6sente affaire concerne une action pour voies de fait intent6e au d6fendeur Balaban (ci-apr6s appel6 <le d6fendeur>~)
et A son employeur, Fersu Hotel Limited (ci-apris appel6 <la soci6t6>). Les 6v6nements qui ont donn6 naissance A l'action ont eu lieu dans la taverne de 1h6tel de la soci6td, sis A Galt, Ontario, dans la soirde du 23 d6cembre 1965, alors que le d6fendeur s'est efforc6 d'amener le demandeur A quitter les lieux.
Le procks s'est d6roul6 devant jury. En rdponse A la question suivante, le jury a rendu le verdict suivant:
Question n* 1: Le d6fendeur Balaban s'est-il livrb sans justification 16gale i des voies de fait sur la personne du demandeur Mann?
Rgponse: Non.
Sur la foi de cette r6ponse, le demandeur a 6t6 d6bout6, sans adjudication de d6pens. Un appel devant la Cour d'appel d'Ontario a 6t6, A 1'unanimit6, rejet6 avec d6pens, sans motifs 6crits. Le pr6sent pourvoi est A 'encontre de cet arr8t.
et al. Martland
Le Juge Martland
There was a sharp conflict in the evidence presented at the trial, in respect of some of the incidents which had occurred. The plaintiff arrived at the hotel at about 6 p.m. and was seated at a table, with Evelyn Killoran, with whom he was living as man and wife. She had been there since about 2 p.m. About 9 p.m. a noisy altercation developed between them.
The defendant, who was the bar manager employed by the Company, on several occasions asked them to keep quiet. The defendant said that when their language "really got rough" he walked from behind the bar, put his hand on the plaintiff's shoulder and ordered him to get out.
The evidence as to what then occurred is conflicting. The plaintiff had no memory as to what occurred, but Mrs. Killoran said that, without having said anything, the defendant hit the plaintiff on the side of the head, picked him up and threw him hard on the floor. Two other witnesses said that the defendant had thrown the plaintiff to the floor.
The defendant said that, after being told to leave, the plaintiff started to get up. He was not steady on his feet, and the defendant grabbed him to prevent his falling. When the plaintiff got to the aisle, near the table where he had been sitting, the defendant released his hold, and the plaintiff fell to the floor. This version of the incident was supported by several other witnesses.
The plaintiff struck his head on the floor and sustained serious injuries.
Following the evidence, the learned trial judge charged the jury. No objection, save as to one minor matter, not relevant to this appeal, was made by counsel for the plaintiff. The questions put to the jury were framed with the agreement of counsel for all parties.
Counsel for the appellant, in this appeal, contends that there was misdirection, or non-direction, in the charge to the jury, as to the onus of proof, occasioning a miscarriage of justice to the appellant.
Il y a contradiction flagrante dans les t6moignages entendus au procks concernant certains des 6v6nements qui ont eu lieu. Le demandeur est arriv6 & l'h6tel vers 6 h. du soir et il s'est assis A une table avec Evelyn Killoran, avec qui il vivait en concubinage. Elle 6tait lh depuis les 2 h. de l'apris-midi. Vers 9 h. du soir, une bruyante altercation eut lieu entre eux.
Le d6fendeur, qui 6tait un pr6pos6 de la soci6t6 A titre de gdrant de la taverie, leur a demand6 a plusieurs reprises de se tenir tranquilles. Le d6fendeur a d6clar6 que lorsque leur langage devint r6ellement grossier, il est sorti de derriere le comptoir, a pos6 sa main sur l'6paule du demandeur et lui a intim6 1'ordre de quitter les lieux.
Les t6moignages quant h ce qui s'ensuivit sont contradictoires. Le d6fendeur ne se rappelle rien de ce qui s'est produit, mais Mme Killoran a d6pos6 que, sans avoir dit quoi que ce soit, le d6fendeur a frapp6 le demandeur sur le c6t6 de la tate, I'a soulev6 et I'a jet6 durement sur le plancher. Deux autres t6moins ont affirm6 que le d6fendeur avait jet6 le demandeur sur le plancher.
Le d6fendeur a d6pos6 que le demandeur prid de sortir a alors entrepris de se lever. Il n'6tait pas d'aplomb sur ses jambes et le d6fendeur se saisit de lui pour pr6venir sa chute. Quand le demandeur est parvenu A l'espace libre, prbs de la table oii il 6tait assis, le d6fendeur a lich6 prise, et le demandeur est tomb6 sur le plancher. Cette version de l'incident a 6t6 confirmee par plusieurs autres t6moins.
Le demandeur s'est frapp6 la tate contre le plancher et il a subi de graves blessures. A la suite de la pr6sentation de la preuve, le savant Juge de premiere instance a donni ses directives au jury. Aucune objection n'a 6t6 soulev6e par l'avocat du demandeur, sauf sur un point de minime importance qui n'intdresse en rien le pr6sent pourvoi. Les questions soumises au jury ont 6t6 r6dig6es avec l'accord des avocats de toutes les parties.
L'avocat de l'appelant pr6tend, dans le present pourvoi, qu'il y a eu inexactitude ou omission dans les directives donn6es au jury quant au fardeau de la preuve, ce qui aurait entrain une erreur judiciaire au d6triment de l'appelant. et al. Le Juge Martland
Martand I.
The objection to the charge relates chiefly to the following passages in it:
Now, in this action the plaintiff, Mr. Mann, says he was unlawfully assaulted by the defendant, Mr.
Balaban, and that he sustained damages by reason of the injuries he suffered because of this assault.
If the plaintiff is to succeed, he must prove it and probabilities. In other words, for the plaintiff to succeed you members of the jury must be satisfied that he was probably assaulted without lawful excuse by the defendant, Mr. Balaban, and that, as a result of this, he probably sustained damages and, if this has been done, you will then assess a sum which will reasonably compensate Mr. Mann for such damages.
Now, in addition to this, if the plaintiff is to succeed against the defendant hotel company, you must be satisfied not only that Mr. Balaban probably assaulted the plaintiff without lawful excuse, but that he did so in the course of his employment with the defendant hotel company. As I have said, in so far as this trial is concerned, an assault without lawful excuse may be defined as the intentional application of unlawful force by the defendant to the person of the plaintiff.
Now, for the plaintiff, of course, the case is that
Mr. Balaban used excessive force under the circumstances; that the force he used was unreasonable and was entirely out of proportion to what the occasion required. That is what the plaintiff submits. It is for you to say whether that is true or not.
You see, for the plaintiff, Mr. Mann, it is said, "Well, let us say he was arguing in the beverage room. Let us say he. was using foul language. Let us say he was creating some disturbance that nevertheless, assuming all this to be the case, there should have been some way for Mr. Balaban to remove him from the premises without fracturing his skull."
Now, there is the case pretty well, you see. For the plaintiff the case is that there was an excess of force used that Mr. Balaban came around and that he picked the plaintiff, Mr. Mann, from the chair and threw him on the floor. That is one part of the case.
Well, there is the one story of Mr. Balaban with force that was unreasonable and unwarranted so it
L'objection relative aux directives au jury se rapporte principalement aux passages suivants: le demandeur M. Mann dit qu'il a 6t6 ill6galement assailli par le d6fendeur M. Balaban, et qu'il a subi des dommages en raison des blessures qu'il a souffertes du fait de cette attaque. Si le demandeur doit avoir gain de cause, il doit le prouver, et il doit le prouver selon la pr6pond6rance des probabilit6s. En d'autres termes, pour que le demandeur ait gain de cause, il vous faut, vous membres du jury,- 8tre convaincus qu'il a 6t6 vraisemblablement assailli, sans justification 16gale, par le d6fendeur M. Balaban, et que, de ce fait, il a vraisemblablement subi des dommages, et si tel est le cas, vous fixerez alors une somme qui devra indemniser raisonnablement En outre, pour que le demandeur ait gain de cause contre la d6fenderesse, la soci6t6 h6telibre, vous devez 8tre convaincus non seulement que M. Balaban a vraisemblablement assailli le demandeur sans justification 16gale, mais aussi qu'il l'a fait dans l'exercice de ses fonctions aupris de la d6fenderesse, la soci6t6 h6telibre. Ainsi que je l'ai dit, aux fins du pr6sent procks, une attaque sans justification 16gale peut se d6finir comme l'application intentionnelle h la personne du demandeur d'une force ill6gale par le d6fendeur.
Pour le demandeur, naturellement, l'affaire consiste en ce que M. Balaban a us6 d'une force excessive dans les circonstances, que la force employ6e n'6tait pas raisonnable et 6tait complbtement hors de proportions avec ce que la situation r6clamait. C'est ce que le demandeur pr6tend. C'est h vous de dire si cela est vrai ou non. Voyez-vous, voici comment on pr6sente la chose pour le demandeur M. Mann: aEh bien, disons qu'il se disputait dans la taverne, admettons que son langage 6tait grossier, qu'il cr6ait un certain d6sordre; quand mime, en supposant que tout cela est vrai, M. Balaban aurait dfi trouver moyen de lui faire 6vacuer les lieux sans lui fracturer le crine.D
Voilk qui r6sume assez bien toute l'affaire, voyezvous. Pour le demandeur, I'affaire est qu'il y a eu application d'une force excessive, que M. Balaban s'est approch6 du demandeur, I'a soulev6 de sa chaise et l'a jet6 sur le plancher. C'est l un c6t6 de l'affaire.
Eh bien, il y a d'un c6t6 l'histoire de M. Balaban qui, avec une force d6raisonnable et injustifide, V. et al. Martland J.
et al. Le Juge Martland is submitted by the plaintiff picking the plaintiff up out of the chair and by the excess of force causing him to find himself on the floor of the beverage room with a fractured skull.
And the other picture that is presented by the defence is that the defendant, Balaban, in keeping order in the beverage room, as he was entitled to do, assisted, and was assisting, the plaintiff to get from the chair in which he was sitting out so that he could be removed from the beverage room and that he wasn't using any more force than was reasonable or necessary to accomplish that purpose. And that he had previously asked the plaintiff to leave, but the plaintiff had not left.
Immediately following the passage just cited, the learned trial judge went on to say as follows:
Now, it is for you to say what you believe in connection with this. You have heard all the witnesses as to just what occurred.
Now, this is what I would like to say to you, and this is the law, with respect to this matter of expelling a person from premises. If you wished someone to leave your premises ordinarily no force at all is justified until he has been requested to leave and has been given a reasonable opportunity to leave. If it becomes necessary to use force to make someone leave your premises then it is lawful to use only such force as may be necessary to accomplish that purpose. It is not lawful to use more force than is necessary to accomplish that purpose. Where greater force than necessary or reasonable has been used to expel an intruder that constitutes an unlawful assault. That is an assault without lawful excuse and the intruder is entitled to compensation for the excess of force so used.
It is argued that the learned trial judge should have directed the jury that, if the plaintiff proved an assault, the onus shifted to the defendants to prove that such assault was justified or made with lawful excuse and that the force used was reasonable. Reliance was placed upon the judgment of the Court of Appeal of Ontario in
O'Tierney v. Concord Tavern Ltd.', in which it was held that the trial judge had misdirected the jury when he said, when instructing them in an action for assault, arising out of the plaintiff's ejection from a tavern, that the burden of proof d'apris les pr6tentions du demandeur, soulevant ce dernier de sa chaise, et par I'application d'une force excessive, le faisait se retrouver sur le plancher le crane fractur6.
Et I'autre tableau, pr6sent6 par la d6fense, est A l'effet que M. Balaban, en maintenant I'ordre dans la taverne, ainsi qu'il avait droit de le faire, a aid6 et 6tait en train d'aider le demandeur & quitter le sidge qu'il occupait, afin qu'il puisse 8tre expuls6 de la salle, et que ce faisant, il n'a pas employd une force plus que raisonnable ou n6cessaire A cette fin. De plus, il avait demand6 auparavant au demandeur de sortir mais ce dernier n'6tait pas sorti. Imm6diatement apris le passage que je viens de citer, le savant Juge de premi&re instance poursuit comme suit:
Maintenant, c'est a vous de dire ce que vous croyez & ce sujet. Vous avez entendu tous les t6moins sur ce qui s'est pass6 au juste.
Voici ce que je tiens h vous dire, et il s'agit ici de la loi concernant l'expulsion des personnes. Si vous d6sirez faire quitter les lieux A quelqu'un, ordinairement aucune force n'est justifi6e & son endroit tant qu'il n'a pas 6t6 pri6 de quitter les lieux, et qu'il n'a pas eu tout loisir raisonnable de s'ex6cuter. S'il devient n6cessaire de recourir A la force pour obliger quelqu'un A quitter votre 6tablissement, alors il est 16gal d'user de la force n6cessaire pour arriver a cette fin. II n'est pas 16gal d'user de plus de force qu'il n'est n6cessaire pour arriver a cette fin. Quand une force plus que raisonnable ou n6cessaire a 6t6 employbe pour expulser I'intrus, cela constitue une attaque ill6gale. C'est une agression sans justification 16gale et l'intrus est en droit d'8tre indemnise pour l'exchs de force ainsi utilis6.
On soutient que le savant Juge de premibre instance aurait dfi dire au jury que, si le demandeur prouvait les voies de fait, il incombait alors aux d6fendeurs de prouver que cette attaque 6tait justifi6e ou avait 6t6 commise avec excuse 16gitime et que la force appliqu6e 6tait raisonnable. On s'est fond6 sur l'arrt de la Cour d'appel d'Ontario dans O'Tierney v. Concord Tavern Ltd.', oix il a 6t d6cid6 que le juge de premiere instance avait mal instruit le jury en disant dans ses directives, au sujet d'une action pour voies de fait intent6e A la suite de 1'expulsion du de- Martland J.
was on the plaintiff to show that the defendant used excessive force.
The report of the case states:
The Court was unanimous in the opinion that on that ground the appeal must succeed. It had been laid down in Miska v. Sivec, [1959] O.R. 144, that in an action of this nature where the defendant set up a plea of justification for the force used, the burden of proving that the force used was not excessive in the circumstances rested upon the defendant.
The defendant, in the present case, did not set up any plea of justification. The plaintiff, in his statement of claim, pleaded as follows:
4. The Defendant Walter Balaban was employed with the Royal Hotel as a waiter and unlawfully committed a grievous bodily assault upon the Plaintiff, causing severe, painful and personal injuries and causing personal injuries to the Plaintiff.
The defendant, by his statement of defence, denied this.
Counsel for the plaintiff, in his opening remarks to the jury, outlined what he proposed to prove, as follows:
Now, I propose to call evidence which will show that Warren Mann was a patron and a customer at the Royal Hotel and he was sitting in the ladies' beverage room and he was sitting with his lady friend who he lives with in a common law relationship. They had lived so for a year or so. It was their custom to imbibe at the Royal Hotel in Galt and did on this date which was December 23rd,
Now, I propose to call evidence which will indicate that they were having an argument regarding a proposed trip by Warren Mann to Toronto and getting money for the trip from Mrs. Mann. And while this was going on, I will call evidence to indicate that Mr. Walter Balaban, the bar manager, who was standing behind the bar, came out from behind the bar and struck and threw Mr. Warren Mann to the floor.
It is clear that counsel for the plaintiff did not contest the right of the defendant to eject the plaintiff, under the circumstances, because, in the course of his charge, the learned trial judge said this:
You see, for the plaintiff, Mr. Mann, it is said,
"Well, let us say he was arguing in the beverage mandeur d'une taverne, qu'il incombe au demandeur de fournir la preuve que la force appliquie par le d6fendeur 6tait excessive.
Le compte-rendu de la cause dit:
La Cour a 6t6 unanime a penser que l'appel devait 8tre accueilli pour ce motif. II a 6t6 6tabli, dans Miska v. Sivec, [1959] O.R. 144, que dans une action de cette sorte, oi le d6fendeur plaide la justification de la force appliqu6e, le fardeau de prouver que la force appliquie n'6tait pas excessive dans les circonstances lui incombe.
Dans la pr6sente cause, le d6fendeur n'a pas plaid6 justification. Le demandeur, dans 1'expos6 de ses pr6tentions, a soutenu ce qui suit: 4. Le d6fendeur Walter Balaban, employ6 comme gargon de table au Royal Hotel, s'est livr6 ill6galement A des voies de fait graves sur la personne du demandeur, lui causant des blessures corporelles graves et douloureuses.
Le d6fendeur, dans 1'expos6 de ses moyens de d6fense, a ni6 cette pr6tention.
L'avocat du demandeur, dans ses remarques pr61iminaires au jury, a expos6 comme suit ce qu'il se proposait de prouver:
Je me propose de fournir la preuve que Warren Mann 6tait un client et un habitu6 du Royal Hotel et qu'il avait pris place dans la taverne de cet 6tablissement, et s'y 6tait assis avec son amie, avec qui il vivait en concubinage. Ils vivaient ainsi depuis un an environ. Ils avaient pris l'habitude de venir prendre un verre au Royal Hotel de Galt, et c'est ce qu'ils faisaient ce 23 d6cembre 1965. Je me propose de fournir la preuve qu'ils 6taient en discussion au sujet d'un voyage que Warren Mann devait faire a Toronto, et pour lequel M ' Mann devait avancer l'argent n6cessaire. Pendant que cette discussion se poursuivait, je fournirai la preuve que M. Walter Balaban, le g6rant de la taverne, qui se tenait derribre le comptoir, est sorti de derribre ce comptoir, a frapp6 et jet6 & terre M. Warren Mann. II est 6vident que l'avocat du demandeur n'a pas contest6 le droit du d6fendeur d'expulser le demandeur dans ces circonstances. En effet, dans ses directives, le savant Juge de premibre instance a dit ceci:
Voyez-vous, voici comment on pr6sente la chose pour le demandeur M. Mann: cEh Alartland J.
MANN BALABAN et al.
Le Juge Martland room. Let us say he was using foul language. Let us say he was creating some disturbance that nevertheless, assuming all this to be the case, there should have been some way for Mr. Balaban to remove him from the premises without fracturing his skull."
The issue before the jury was stated in the question, which had been agreed upon by counsel:
Did the defendant Balaban, without lawful excuse, commit an assault and battery on the plaintiff Mann?
It is in the light of these circumstances that the charge to the jury must be considered and it must be considered as a whole, and in relation to the evidence which had been adduced. The plaintiff's case, upon the evidence of his witnesses, was that he had suffered serious injuries as a result of having been hurled to the floor by the defendant. The defendant's case was that there had been no assault causing injury to the plaintiff. If the laying of his hand by the defendant on the plaintiff's shoulder could be regarded as a technical assault it was abundantly clear that that act could not and did not cause any injury to the plaintiff. According to the defendant's evidence, supported by witnesses, apart from this act, all that the defendant did was to steady the plaintiff, when he rose to his feet, to prevent his falling.
The essential issue was, therefore, clear. Did the jury accept the plaintiff's contention that he had been thrown to the floor, or the defendant's contention that the plaintiff had not been thrown to the floor.
In the circumstances of this case the jury was not called upon to determine whether a particular degree of force was or was not excessive. If the jury believed the story told by the plaintiff's witnesses, the force used was obviously excessive.
If they believed the defendant's story, no assault had been committed at all. That was the position at the conclusion of the trial, and in the light of all the evidence the question of onus was no longer of any significance.
bien, disons qu'il se disputait dans la taverne, admettons que son langage 6tait grossier, qu'il cr6ait un certain d6sordre; quand mime, en supposant que tout cela est vrai, M. Balaban aurait d6 trouver moyen de lui faire 6vacuer les lieux sans lui fracturer le crAne>.
La question pos6e au jury, et dont la teneur avait 6t6 accept6e par les avocats, 6tait la suivante:
Le d6fendeur Balaban s'est-il livr6 sans justification 16gale A des voies de fait sur la personne du demandeur Mann?
C'est A la lumibre de ces circonstances que les directives au jury doivent 8tre consid6r6es, et cela dans leur ensemble, en fonction des 616ments de preuve pr6sentis. La pr6tention du demandeur, d'aprbs la preuve apport6e par ses tdmoins, c'est qu'il a souffert de graves blessures en 6tant projet6 violemment sur le plancher par le d6fendeur. La pr6tention du d6fendeur c'est qu'il n'y a pas eu d'attaque ayant caus6 une blessure au demandeur. Si le fait pour le d6fendeur de poser sa main sur l'6paule du demandeur peut Etre consid6r6 comme voies de fait en droit strict, il est trbs clair que ce geste ne pouvait pas causer et n'a pas caus6 de blessure quelconque au demandeur. Selon la preuve apport6e par le d6fendeur, qui a 6t6 confirm6e par des t6moins, hors ce geste, tout ce qu'a fait le d6fendeur a 6t6 de retenir le demandeur, quand il s'est lev6, pour pr6venir sa chute.
La question essentielle 6tait donc claire: est-ce que le jury a admis la pritention du demandeur selon laquelle il a 6t6 projet6 sur le plancher, ou bien a-t-il admis celle du d6fendeur selon laquelle le demandeur n'y a pas t projet6.
Dans les circonstances de cette affaire, le jury n'a pas 6 appel6 A d6cider si un certain degr6 de force 6tait excessif ou non. Si le jury 6tait convaincu de la vdracit6 de 1'histoire racont6e par les timoins du demandeur, la force employbe 6tait inddniablement excessive. Si le jury admettait la version du dMfendeur, il n'y a pas eu de voies de fait du tout. Telle 6tait la situation i la cl6ture des d6bats. Compte tenu de tous les tdmoignages, la question du fardeau de la preuve n'avait plus aucune importance.
et al. Le luge Martland
Martand I.
That issue was clearly stated by the learned trial judge in the passage from his reasons, already quoted, when he said:
Well, there is the one story of Mr. Balaban with force that was unreasonable and unwarranted so it is submitted by the plaintiff picking the plaintiff up out of the chair and by the excess of force causing him to find himself on the floor of the beverage room with a fractured skull.
And the other picture that is presented by the defence is that the defendant, Balaban, in keeping order in the beverage room, as he was entitled to do, assisted, and was assisting, the plaintiff to get from the chair in which he was sitting out so that he could be removed from the beverage room and that he wasn't using any more force than was reasonable or necessary to accomplish that purpose. And that he had previously asked the plaintiff to leave, but the plaintiff had not left.
Now, it is for you to say what you believe in connection with this. You have heard all the witnesses as to just what occurred.
In my opinion the charge to the jury in this case, in the light of the pleadings, the evidence adduced, and the agreement of the parties as to the issue to be put to the jury, was a proper one.
Furthermore, even if the charge can be said to be inadequate in relation to the matter of onus of proof, in the circumstances of this case I can find no substantial wrong or miscarriage of justice occasioned to the plaintiff which would permit the ordering of a new trial within the requirement of s. 28(1) of The Judicature Act,
R.S.O. 1960, c. 197, which provides:
28.-(1) A new trial shall not be granted on the ground of misdirection or of the improper admission or rejection of evidence, or because the verdict of the jury was not taken upon a question that the judge at the trial was not asked to leave to the jury, or by reason of any omission or irregularity in the course of the trial, unless some substantial wrong or miscarriage has been thereby occasioned.
I would dismiss the appeal with costs.
The judgment of Hall, Spence and Pigeon JJ.
was delivered by
SPENCE J.-This is an appeal from the judgment of the Court of Appeal for Ontario pro- C'est ce qu'a clairement 6tabli le savant Juge de premiere instance, dans le passage suivant de ses motifs (pr6cit6), quand il dit:
Eh bien, il y a d'un c6t6 l'histoire de M. Balaban qui, avec une force diraisonnable et injustifibe, d'apris les pr6tentions du demandeur, soulevant cc dernier de sa chaise, et par I'application d'une force excessive, le faisait se retrouver sur le plancher le crAne fractur6.
Et l'autre tableau, pr6sent6 par la d6fense, est A l'effet que M. Balaban, en maintenant l'ordre dans la taverne, ainsi qu'il avait droit de le faire, a aid6 et 6tait en train d'aider le demandeur A quitter le sidge qu'il occupait, afin qu'il puisse 8tre expuls6 de la salle, et que ce faisant, il n'a pas employ6 une force plus que raisonnable ou n~cessaire A cette fin. De plus, il avait demand6 auparavant au demandeur de sortir mais ce dernier n'6tait pas sorti. Maintenant, c'est A vous de dire ce que vous croyez a ce sujet. Vous avez entendu tous les tbmoins sur cc qui s'est pass6 au juste.
A mon avis, les directives au jury dans cette affaire, h la lumibre des plaidoiries, des t6moignages apport6s et de l'accord des parties sur la question h poser au jury, 6taient approprides. De plus, m~me si ces directives peuvent 6tre qualifi6es d'inad6quates en ce qui concerne le fardeau de la preuve, je ne vois pas dans les circonstances de cette affaire un prejudice s6rieux ou une erreur judiciaire au d6triment du demandeur qui permettraient d'ordonner un nouveau procks, conform6ment aux dispositions de l'art. 28(1) de la loi intitul6e The Judicature Act, R.S.O. 1960, c. 197, qui d6cr~te:
28.-(1) Un nouveau procks ne sera pas accord6 en raison de directives inexactes faites au jury, ou du rejet ou de l'admission erron6s d'un timoignage ou parce que le verdict du jury n'a pas port6 sur une question qu'on n'avait pas demand6 au juge de lui soumettre, ou en raison d'aucune omission ou irr6gularit6 dans le cours du procks, A moins qu'un prejudice s6rieux ou une erreur judiciaire n'en d6coulent.
Je rejetterais le pourvoi, avec d6pens.
Le jugement des Juges Hall, Spence et Pigeon a 6t6 rendu par
LE SPENCE-Il s'agit d'un pourvoi A I'encontre d'un arr&t de la Cour d'appel d'Ontaet al. Martland J.
nounced on March 4, 1968. By that judgment, the Court of Appeal dismissed, without written reasons, an appeal from the judgment of King J.
pronounced on February 2, 1967. That judgment was rendered on the verdict of a jury and was one in which the plaintiff's action was dismissed.
The action was for damages which the plaintiff sustained in the premises of the defendant Fersu
Hotel Limited on December 23, 1965. In the statement of claim, the plaintiff alleged that the defendant Walter Balaban, being an employee of the Royal Hotel as a waiter, unlawfully committed a grievous bodily assault on the plaintiff causing severe injuries. The defendant Balaban denied that he unlawfully committed an assault on the plaintiff and alleged that he was acting in the course of his employment and on the instructions of his employer. The defendant Fersu Hotel
Limited also pleaded that the defendant Balaban had not committed an unlawful assault and further that if he had done so he was not acting in the course of his employment.
Counsel for the respondent in this Court relied on the issue set up in those pleadings and submitted that the jury's answer had been simply a factual one that no assault had occurred. However, when one refers to the evidence at trial, it is clear that the plaintiff's claim was that he had been assaulted and assaulted unlawfully, and the defendant put in issue that the assault was merely a technical assault, that was fully justified and that no unnecessary force had been used. The defendant also sought to prove that the plaintiff had not been injured by any such technical assault as he had sustained his injuries when he fell on the floor of the beverage room and that such fall was caused by his own intoxicated condition rather than by any action of the defendant Balaban.
The first question which the learned trial judge put to the jury was this:
Did the defendant Balaban, without lawful excuse, commit an assault and battery on the plaintiff Mann?
The jury's answer to that question was "No".
rio, rendu le 4 mars 1968. Par cet arr&t, la Cour d'appel a rejet6, sans motifs 6crits, un appel d'un jugement prononc6 par le Juge King, le 2 f6vrier 1967. Ce jugement, par lequel le demandeur a 6t6 d6bout6 de sa demande, a 6t6 rendu sur le verdict d'un jury.
L'action a 6t6 intent6e pour dommages subis par le demandeur dans les locaux de la d6fenderesse Fersu Hotel Limited, le 23 d6cembre 1965. Dans l'expos6 de ses pr6tentions, le demandeur pr6tend que le d6fendeur Walter Balaban, employ6 comme gargon de table au Royal Hotel, s'est livr6 ill6galement A des voies de fait graves sur sa personne, lui causant de graves et douloureuses blessures. Le d6fendeur Balaban a ni6 s'8tre livrb ill6galement a des voies de fait sur la personne du demandeur et a plaid6 qu'il avait agi dans 1'exercice de ses fonctions et sur les instructions de son employeur. La d6fenderesse Fersu Hotel Limited a plaid6 elle aussi que le d6fendeur Balaban ne s'6tait pas livr6, ill~galement, A des voies de fait et de plus, que s'il 1'avait fait, il n'agissait pas dans l'exercice de ses fonctions.
L'avocat de l'intim6 a soutenu devant cette Cour que le litige ayant 6t6 ainsi d6fini dans les conclusions des parties, le verdict du jury a simplement port6 sur une question de fait, savoir l'absence de voies de fait. Cependant, quand on se reporte A la preuve pr6sent6e au procks, il appert clairement que la pr6tention du demandeur c'est qu'il a 6t6 victime de voies de fait, de voies de fait ill6gales, tandis que le d6fendeur a soutenu qu'il s'agissait simplement de voies de fait en droit strict, qui 6taient complbtement justifides, et ont 6t6 accomplies sans aucun exchs de force. Le d6fendeur a aussi cherch6 A prouver que le demandeur n'avait pas 6t6 bless6 par ces voies de fait, qu'il avait subi ses blessures en tombant sur le plancher de la taverne et que cette chute avait 6t6 caus6e par son 6tat d'6bri6t6 plut6t que par I'acte du d6fendeur Balaban. La premibre question que le savant Juge de premibre instance a pos6e au jury est celle-ci: Le d6fendeur Balaban s'est-il livr6 sans justification 16gale A des voies de fait sur la personne du demandeur Mann?
La r6ponse du jury h cette question a 6t6 cNon>.
Spence I.
Other questions were put to the jury but the jury did not find it necessary, in view of the above answer, to deal with any of the other questions.
The appeal to this Court is taken solely on objection to the charge of the learned trial judge to the jury. The objection is that the learned trial judge misdirected the jury in saying that the onus of proof was on the appellant, that is, the plaintiff, with respect to the issues of justification, lawful excuse and the use of reasonable force. Before I deal in some detail with that charge, a short recital of some facts should be given.
There was a great mass of contradictory testimony but certain circumstances are established in the evidence without any contradiction. The plaintiff, the appellant here, arrived at the Fersu
Hotel Limited premises, known as the Royal
Hotel, in the City of Galt, at about 6:00 p.m.
on the afternoon of December 23, 1965. There is no evidence that the plaintiff, prior to that time, had on that day consumed any liquor. The plaintiff swore that he had not done so. Following the events with which this action is concerned, at a time firmly established by the evidence of Constable Landry as being between 11:20 and 11:30 p.m., he saw the plaintiff sitting or lying against the front wall of the Royal Hotel with a waiter leaning over him who was either attempting to assist the plaintiff to his feet or lowering the plaintiff to the sidewalk. Therefore, the plaintiff had been inside that beverage room and of course there for the purpose of consuming beer from
6:00 p.m. until a moment or two before 11:20 p.m. The plaintiff has testified that he had 7 or
8 drinks of draft beer during that period and little is needed to infer that at the time of the occurrence giving rise to this action he was intoxicated to a very considerable extent. The action, however, is simply one for assault and is not based on any allegation that the defendant Balaban or his co-defendant the hotel company permitted the plaintiff to become intoxicated and incapacitated.
D'autres questions ont 6t6 pos6es au jury, mais vu la r6ponse donn6e A la premibre, il n'a pas jug6 n6cessaire d'y rdpondre.
Le pourvoi par devant cette Cour est fond6 uniquement sur une critique des directives du savant Juge de premisre instance aux membres du jury. On soutient que le savant Juge de premibre instance a mal instruit le jury en lui disant que le fardeau de la preuve incombait A 1'appelant demandeur en premiere instance, pour ce qui est des questions de la justification de 1'acte, d'une excuse 16gitime et de l'application d'une force raisonnable. Avant de traiter en d6tail de ces directives, un expos6 succinct de quelquesuns des faits s'impose.
Il y a eu une multitude de d6positions contradictoires, mais certaines circonstances sont 6tablies dans la preuve sans aucune contradiction. Le demandeur, appelant en cette Cour, est arriv6 & l'6tablissement de la soci6t6 Fersu Hotel Limited, connu sous le nom de Royal Hotel, dans la ville de Galt, vers 6h. du soir, le 23 dicembre 1965. Il n'y a aucune preuve que le demandeur ait auparavant, ce jour-1A, consomm6 des boissons alcooliques. Le demandeur a jur6 qu'il ne I'avait pas fait. Apris les 6v6nements qui font l'objet de l'action, et a une heure d6terminde avec precision par le t6moignage du constable Landry, soit entre llh.20 et llh.30 du soir, ce dernier vit le demandeur, assis ou 6tendu contre la fagade du Royal Hotel, avec un gargon de table pench6 sur lui, qui s'efforgait soit de l'aider a se remettre sur pieds, soit de le d6poser sur le trottoir. Par cons6quent, le demandeur s'6tait trouv6 A l'int6rieur de la taverne, 6videmment pour y consommer de la bibre, depuis 6h. jusqu'a une minute ou deux avant 1lh.20 du soir. Le demandeur a t6moign6 qu'il avait pris, pendant ce temps-la, 7 ou 8 verres de bibre en ffit, et il n'est pas difficile d'en d6duire que lors des 6vnements qui ont donn6 lieu A la prsente action, il 6tait dans un 6tat d'6bridt6 trbs avancde. Cependant, 1'action est uniquement pour voies de fait, et elle n'est pas fond6e sur I'all6gation que le d6fendeur Balaban ou la co-d6fenderesse la soci6t6 h6telisre ont permis au demandeur de s'enivrer et de se trouver incapable de se tenir debout.
et al. Spence
The plaintiff himself, due to the effect of his injuries and particularly to a concussion which he received when his head struck the floor, has no memory whatsoever of anything following an argument between him and his companion Mrs.
Killoran with whom he was living as man and wife at the time. Therefore, the evidence as to what occurred is given by various patrons of the beverage room and by the defendant Balaban and other waiters. As one might expect, under those circumstances, the evidence given on behalf of the plaintiff would appear to be to the effect that the defendant Balaban violently and without cause struck the plaintiff with the result that the plaintiff fell striking his head heavily on the tile floor. The evidence by the defendant Balaban and supported by evidence of other customers was that he merely touched the plaintiff's shoulder and arms and drew him to his feet and then left him standing while he turned to pick up the plaintiff's jacket and the plaintiff, due to his intoxicated condition, fell to the floor and struck his head.
After the latter event, however it had been caused, another waiter simply took the plaintiff, put him over his shoulder, carried him out to the street and set him down against the wall. It was this latter action which was observed by Constable
Landry at between 11:20 and 11:30 p.m.
In the light of these circumstances, I turn to the consideration of the charge by the learned trial judge. Having outlined the essential law as to what is an assault, the learned trial judge said:
Now, in this action the plaintiff, Mr. Mann, says he was unlawfully assaulted by the defendant, Mr.
Balaban, and that he sustained damages by reason of the injuries he suffered because of this assault.
If the plaintiff is to succeed, he must prove it and probabilities. In other words, for the plaintiff to succeed you members of the jury must be satisfied that he was probably assaulted without lawful excuse by the defendant, Mr. Balaban, and that, as a result of this, he probably sustained damages and, if this has been done, you will then assess a sum which will reasonably compensate Mr. Mann for such damages.
Le d6fendeur lui-m~me, du fait de ses blessures et particulibrement des suites d'une commotion subie quand il s'est frapp6 la t&te contre le plancher, ne se souvient plus de rien aprbs une dispute entre lui et sa compagne, Mme Killoran, avec qui il vivait en concubinage A cette 6poque. Par cons6quent, la preuve de ce qui s'est pass6 a 6t fournie par divers clients de la taverne, par le d6fendeur Balaban et par d'autres garcons de table. Comme on peut s'y attendre en pareille circonstance, la preuve fournie en faveur du demandeur tend A d6montrer que le d6fendeur Balaban l'a frapp6 avec violence et sans raison, de sorte que le demandeur tomba A terre, sa t~te donnant durement contre le carrelage. Le t6moignage du d6fendeur Balaban, corrobor6 par celui d'autres clients, est A l'effet qu'il a simplement touch6 l'6paule et les bras du demandeur, 'a dress6 sur ses pieds, et ensuite P'a laiss6 d6bout et s'est retourn6 pour ramasser la veste du demandeur; ce dernier, en raison de son 6tat d'ivresse, est alors tomb6 sur le plancher en se frappant la tate. Aprbs cela, de quelque fagon que cela se soit produit, un autre gargon de table a simplement enlev6 le demandeur, 1'a plac6 sur son 6paule, 1'a emport6 dans la rue et I'a d6pos6 contre le mur. C'est ce dernier geste qui a t observ6 par le constable Landry entre 1lh.20 et llh.30 du soir.
A la lumibre de ces faits, j'entreprends l'examen des directives du savant Juge de premibre instance au jury. Aprbs avoir esquiss6 l'essentiel de la d6finition juridique des voies de fait, le savant Juge de premibre instance a dit: le demandeur M. Mann dit qu'il a 6t6 ill6galement assailli par le d6fendeur M. Balaban, et qu'il a subi des dommages en raison des blessures qu'il a souffertes du fait de cette attaque. Pour avoir gain de cause, le demandeur doit le prouver, et il doit le prouver selon la prdpond6rance des probabilit6s. En d'autres termes, pour que le demandeur ait gain de cause, il vous faut, vous membres du jury, 8tre convaincus qu'il a 6t6 vraisemblablement assailli, sans justification 16gale, par le d6fendeur M. Balaban, et que, de ce fait, il a vraisemblablement subi des dommages, et si tel est le cas, vous fixerez alors une somme qui devra indemniser raisonnablement Spence I.
Now, in addition to this, if the plaintiff is to succeed against the defendant hotel company, you must be satisfied not only that Mr. Balaban probably assaulted the plaintiff without lawful excuse, but that he did so in the course of his employment with the defendant hotel company. As I have said in so far as this trial is concerned, an assault without lawful excuse may be defined as the intentional application of unlawful force by the defendant to the person of the plaintiff.
After discussing some of the evidence, the learned trial judge continued:
Now, for the plaintiff, of course, the case is that
Mr. Balaban used excessive force under the circumstances; that the force he used was unreasonable and was entirely out of proportion to what the occasion required. That is what the plaintiff submits. It is for you to say whether that is true or not. You see, for the plaintiff, Mr. Mann, it is said, "Well, let us say he was arguing in the beverage room. Let us say he was using foul language. Let us say he was creating some disturbance that nevertheless assuming all this to be the case, there should have been some way for Mr. Balaban to remove him from the premises without fracturing his skull.
And having dealt with some of the evidence further, both that given on behalf of the plaintiff and that given on behalf of the defendants, the learned trial judge continued:
And the other picture that is presented by the defence is that the defendant, Balaban, in keeping order in the beverage room, as he was entitled to do, assisted, and was assisting, the plaintiff to get from the chair in which he was sitting out so that he could be removed from the beverage room and that he wasn't using any more force than was reasonable or necessary to accomplish that purpose. And that he had previously asked the plaintiff to leave, but the plaintiff had not left.
Now, it is for you to say what you believe in connection with this. You have heard all the witnesses as to just what occurred.
He then outlined the law, saying, in part:
Now, this is what I would like to say to you, and this is the law, with respect to this matter of expelling
En outre, pour que le demandeur ait gain de cause contre la d6fenderesse, la soci&6 h6telibre, vous devez 8tre convaincus non seulement que M. Balaban a vraisemblablement assailli le demandeur sans justification 16gale, mais aussi qu'il I'a fait dans l'exercice de ses fonctions auprbs de la d~fenderesse, la soci6t6 h6telibre. Ainsi que je l'ai dit, aux fins du pr6sent procks, une attaque sans justification 16gale peut se d6finir comme l'application intentionnelle A la personne du demandeur d'une force ill6gale par le d6fendeur.
Aprbs avoir fait des conmentaires sur certaines parties de la preuve, le savant Juge de premiere instance a poursuivi:
Pour le demandeur, naturellement, l'affaire consiste en ce que M. Balaban a us6 d'une force excessive dans les circonstances, que la force employ6e n'6tait pas raisonnable et 6tait complbtement hors de proportion avec ce que la situation r6clamait. C'est ce que le demandeur pr6tend. C'est a vous de dire si cela est vrai ou non. Voyez-vous, voici comment on pr6sente la chose pour le demandeur M. Mann: <Eh bien, disons qu'il se disputait dans la taverne, admettons que son langage 6tait grossier, qu'il cr6ait un certain d6sordre; quand m8me, en supposant que tout cela est vrai, M. Balaban aurait dfi trouver moyen de lui faire 6vacuer les lieux sans lui fracturer le crAneD.
Et apris avoir trait6 encore de certains 616ments de preuve, fournis tant par le demandeur que par le d6fendeur, le savant Juge de premibre instance a ajout6:
Et l'autre tableau, pr6sent6 par la d6fense, est A l'effet que M. Balaban, en maintenant l'ordre dans la taverne, ainsi qu'il avait droit de le faire, a aid6 et 6tait en train d'aider le demandeur h quitter le sibge qu'il occupait, afin qu'il puisse 8tre expuls6 de la salle, et que ce faisant, il n'a pas employ6 une force plus que raisonnable ou n~cessaire h cette fin. De plus, il avait demand6 auparavant au demandeur de sortir mais ce dernier n'6tait pas sorti.
Maintenant, c'est h vous de dire ce que vous croyez A ce sujet. Vous avez entendu tous les t6moins sur ce qui s'est pass6 au juste.
a alors esquiss6 le droit, disant entre autres: Voici ce que je tiens A vous dire, et il s'agit ici de la loi concernant I'expulsion des peret al. Spence
Le Juge Spence a person from premises. If you wished someone to leave your premises ordinarily no force at all is justified until he has been requested to leave and has been given a reasonable opportunity to leave.
If it becomes necessary to use force to make someone leave your premises then it is lawful to use only such force as may be necessary to accomplish that purpose. It is not lawful to use more force than is necessary to accomplish that purpose. Where greater force than necessary or reasonable has been used to expel an intruder that constitutes an unlawful assault.
That is an assault without lawful excuse and the intruder is entitled to compensation for the excess of force so used.
In an action for assault, it has been, in my view, established that it is for the plaintiff to prove that he was assaulted and that he sustained an injury thereby. The onus is upon the plaintiff to establish those facts before the jury. Then it is upon the defendant to establish the defences, firstly, that the assault was justified and, secondly, that the assault even if justified was not made with any unreasonable force and on those issues the onus is on the defence.
In Cook v. Lewis , the present Chief Justice of this Court said at p. 839:
With the greatest respect, I think that the learned trial judge did not charge the jury correctly in regard to the onus of proof of negligence. While it is true that the plaintiff expressly pleaded negligence on the part of the defendants he also pleaded that he was shot by them and in my opinion the action under the old form of pleading would properly have been one of trespass and not of case. In my view, the cases collected and discussed by Denman J.
in Stanley v. Powell (1891), 1 Q.B.D. 86, establish the rule (which is subject to an exception in the case of highway accidents with which we are not concerned in the case at bar) that where a plaintiff is injured by force applied directly to him by the defendant his case is made by proving this fact and the onus falls upon the defendant to prove "that such trespass was utterly without his fault." In my opinion Stanley v. Powell rightly decides that the defendant in such an action is entitled to judgment if he satisfies the onus of establishing the absence of both intention and negligence on his part.
sonnes. Si vous d6sirez faire quitter les lieux A quelqu'un, ordinairement aucune force n'est justifi6e A son endroit tant qu'il n'a pas 6t6 pri6 de quitter les lieux, et qu'il n'a pas eu tout loisir raisonnable de s'ex&cuter. S'il devient n6cessaire de recourir A la force pour obliger quelqu'un a quitter votre 6tablissement, alors il est 16gal d'user de la force n6cessaire pour arriver a cette fin. Il n'est pas 16gal d'user de plus de force qu'il n'est nicessaire pour arriver A cette fin. Quand une force plus que raisonnable ou n6cessaire a 6t6 employ6e pour expulser l'intrus, cela constitue une attaque ill6gale. C'est une agression sans justification l6gale et I'intrus est en droit d'8tre indemnis6 pour l'excis de force ainsi utilis6.
Dans une action pour voies de fait, il est 6tabli, selon moi, qu'il incombe au demandeur de prouver qu'il a 6t6 attaqu6 et qu'il a subi un pr6judice de ce fait. Le fardeau de la preuve de ces faits devant le jury incombe au demandeur. C'est ensuite au d6fendeur d'6tablir la d6fense, soit premibrement que l'attaque 6tait justifi6e, et deuxibmement qu'aucune force excessive ou non ndcessaire n'a 6td employ6e. La preuve de ces faits incombe au d6fendeur.
Dans Cook c. Lewis , 1'actuel Juge en Chef de cette Cour dit, A la page 839:
En toute d6f6rence, je pense que le savant Juge de premiere instance s'est tromp6 dans ses directives au jury en ce qui a trait au fardeau de la preuve de la n6gligence. S'il est vrai que le demandeur a express6ment accus6 les d6fendeurs de ndgligence, il les a accus6s aussi d'avoir tir6 sur lui, et selon moi cette action, selon I'ancienne forme de plaidoirie, aurait 6t6 une action dite ctrespass> et non ecaseD. A mon sens, les d6cisions recueillies et comment6es par le Juge Denman, dans Stanley v. Powell (1891), 1 Q.B.D. 86, 6tablissent (sauf une exception dans le cas des accidents de la route qui ne nous concerne pas ici) la rbgle que quand un demandeur a subi un pr6judice du fait d'une force directement employ6e contre lui par le d6fendeur, sa cause est 6tablie par la preuve de ce fait et c'est au d6fendeur qu'il incombe de prouver que I'acte illicite n'est absolument pas de sa faute. A mon avis, Stanley v. Powell a justement d6cid6 qu'un d6fendeur a une bonne d6fense A l'encontre d'une telle action s'il arrive A prouver tant l'absence d'intention que l'absence de n6gligence de sa part. V. et al. Spence I.
In Miska v. Sivec , Morden J.A. at p. 148, in discussing the plea of self-defence in an assault charge, said:
Self-defence is an answer to a claim for assault but only when the force used was not unreasonable in the circumstances. The reasonableness of the force is an integral part of the defence and, in my opinion, must be established by a defendant pleading son assault demesne.
In an action based on circumstances much similar to the present one, O'Tierney v. Concord
Tavern Ltd. , at p. 533 Roach J.A. said:
The Court was unanimous in the opinion that on that ground the appeal must succeed. It had been laid down in Miska v. Sivec, [1959] O.R. 144, that in an action of this nature where the defendant set up a plea of justification for the force used, the burden of proving that the force used was not excessive in the circumstances rested upon the defendant.
With respect, I am of the view that the learned trial judge did not put the case to the jury in accordance with the principles which I have outlined. When the learned trial judge said:
Now in this action the plaintiff, Mr. Mann, says he was unlawfully assaulted by the defendant, Mr.
Balaban, and that he sustained damages by reason of the injuries he suffered because of this assault.
If the plaintiff is to succeed, he must prove it and probabilities. In other words, for the plaintiff to succeed you members of the jury must be satisfied that he was probably assaulted without lawful excuse by the defendant, Mr. Balaban, and that, as a result of this, he probably sustained damages and, if this has been done, you will then assess a sum which will reasonably compensate Mr. Mann for such damages.
the learned trial judge was putting on the plaintiff the burden of proving that he was assaulted and that there was no lawful excuse for the assault.
The defendants should have had put upon them the burden of proving that there was lawful excuse
O.W.N.
Dans Miska v. Sivec , le Juge d'appel Morden dit, A la page 148, en discutant du plaidoyer de 16gitime d6fense A l'encontre d'une accusation de voies de fait:
La 16gitime d6fense est une r6ponse A une accusation de voies de fait, mais seulement quand la force employee n'6tait pas excessive dans les circonstances. Le caractbre raisonnable de la force employee fait partie int6grale de la d6fense, et doit 8tre prouv6, selon moi, par un d6fendeur plaidant ason assault demesneD.
Dans une affaire relative A des faits A peu pris similaires A ceux de la pr6sente, O'Tierney v. Concord Tavern Ltd. , h la page 533, le Juge d'appel Roach dit:
La Cour a 6t6 unanime a penser que l'appel devait 8tre accueilli pour ce motif. II a 6t6 6tabli, dans Miska v. Sivec, [1959] O.R. 144, que dans une action de cette sorte, oih le d6fendeur plaide la justification de la force appliqu6e, le fardeau de prouver que la force appliqube n'6tait pas excessive dans les circonstances lui incombe.
Avec respect, je suis d'avis que le savant Juge de premiere instance n'a pas donn6 ses directives au jury conform6ment aux principes que je viens d'indiquer. Quand le savant Juge de premibre instance a dit:
[TRADUCTION]
le demandeur M. Mann dit qu'il a 6t6 ill6galement assailli par le d6fendeur M. Balaban, et qu'il a subi des dommages en raison des blessures qu'il a souffertes du fait de cette attaque. Pour avoir gain de cause, le demandeur doit le prouver, et il doit le prouver selon la pr6pond6rance des probabilitds. En d'autres termes, pour que le demandeur ait gain de cause, il vous faut, vous membres du jury, 8tre convaincus qu'il a 6t6 vraisemblablement assailli, sans justification 16gale, par le d6fendeur M. Balaban, et que, de ce fait, il a vraisemblablement subi des dommages, et si tel est le cas, vous fixerez alors une somme qui devra indemniser raisonnablement le savant Juge de premire instance imposait au demandeur le fardeau de prouver qu'il avait 6ti victime de voies de fait et que l'attaque n'avait pas de justification 16gale. C'est aux d6fendeurs qu'il fallait faire porter le fardeau de prouver O.W.N.
MANN C. BALABAN et al. Le Juge Spence for the assault. Again, in the paragraph as to excessive force which I have cited above, the charge is cast on the basis that the plaintiff must prove that the force was "unreasonable and entirely out of proportion to what the occasion required", while it should plainly have been put that the defendant had the onus of proving that the force used was reasonable and was in proportion to what the occasion required. In my view, it is not sufficient to say, as the learned trial judge did:
Now it is for you to say what you believe in connection with this. You have heard all the witnesses as to just what occurred.
without stressing to them the fact that the burden of proving the allegation shifted from plaintiff to defendant after the plaintiff had proved the assault and the damage which he alleged was caused by the assault. In such a case as the present, where the evidence was wildly contradictory, the jury should be carefully instructed on which of the two parties bore the burden of proving a particular fact or establishing the particular issue.
So, the answer of the jury to the question which
I have set out above cannot be considered an answer that the plaintiff failed to prove assault but rather that it may well be interpreted that the plaintiff failed to prove an assault without legal justification and might reflect the jury's erroneous assumption from the learned trial judge's charge to them that the plaintiff had the duty of proving that there was no legal justification.
For these reasons, I am in agreement with the submission of counsel for the appellant that the learned trial judge's charge was defective and defective in a most important particular.
Counsel for the respondent has pointed out that at the close of the learned trial judge's charge to the jury, there was no objection made to the charge by the counsel for the plaintiff. In fact, counsel for the plaintiff said: "I have no comments, My Lord. As far as I feel, you properly charged the jury and I see no objection to it."
Therefore, the counsel for the respondents conque l'attaque avait une justification 16gale. A nouveau, dans le paragraphe traitant de la force excessive que j'ai d6ji cit6, les directives du Juge portent que c'est au demandeur A prouver que la force n'6tait <pas raisonnable et 6tait compl6tement hors de proportion avec ce que la situation r6clamait>, quand elles auraient 6videmment dfi porter qu'il incombe au d6fendeur de prouver que la force employ6e 6tait raisonnable et en rapport avec ce que la situation r6clamait. A mon avis, il ne suffit pas de dire, ainsi que l'a fait le savant Juge de premirre instance: Maintenant, c'est A vous de dire ce que vous croyez h ce sujet. Vous avez entendu tous les t6moins sur ce qui s'est pass6 au juste;
sans appuyer sur le fait que le fardeau de la preuve passe du demandeur au d6fendeur une fois que le demandeur a fait la preuve des voies de fait et des dommages qu'il pr6tend avoir subis de ce fait. Dans une affaire comme celle-ci, oil les t6moignages sont trbs fortement contradictoires, le jury devait recevoir des instructions pr6cises sur la question de savoir laquelle des deux parties a la charge de prouver un fait particulier ou d'6tablir un point particulier. Par cons6quent, la r6ponse du jury A la question que j'ai reproduite ci-dessus ne peut 6tre consid6r6e comme une r6ponse a l'effet que le demandeur n'a pas fait la preuve de voies de fait, mais elle peut bien 6tre interpr6t6e plut6t comme voulant dire que le demandeur n'a pas fait la preuve de voies de fait sans justification 16gale. Elle pourrait aussi refl6ter l'impression erron6e du jury, d6coulant des directives du savant Juge de premiere instance, que le demandeur devait prouver qu'il n'y avait pas de justification 16gale.
Pour ces motifs, je suis d'accord avec l'avocat de 1'appelant lorsqu'il soutient que les directives du savant Juge de premibre instance au jury 6taient d6fectueuses, et cela sur un point des plus importants.
L'avocat de l'intim6 a signald qu'aprbs les directives du Juge au jury, aucune objection A ces directives n'a 6 formul6e par I'avocat du demandeur. Ce dernier a m~me dit: <Je n'ai pas d'observations A faire Monsieur le Juge; quant A moi, vous avez donn6 de bonnes directives au juty et je n'ai aucune objection a faire>,. L'avocat de l'intim6 a donc soutenu que, et al. Spence I.
tended that, under these circumstances, the plaintiff cannot now successfully obtain an order for a new trial. This matter has been considered on many occasions both in this Court and elsewhere.
In Ristow v. Wetstein , Smith J., said at pp.
132-3:
There was a complete failure to direct the attention of the jury to this evidence on which a finding of negligence on the part of the driver might have been properly based, and in addition there was an express direction that the jury might disregard the most vital part of it. This was misdirection involving a mistrial and a miscarriage of justice in the sense that the plaintiff's case was not properly submitted to the jury. A new trial was therefore properly ordered, notwithstanding the fact that no objection was taken to the charge.
In Leslie v. The Canadian Press', Kerwin C.J.
was considering the trial judge's charge in a libel action and said at p. 874:
I am of opinion that the preferable rule and the one that should be adopted is that it is sufficient for the complaining party to show that a misdirection may have affected a verdict and not that it actually did so; and that, if an appellate Court is in doubt as to whether it did or not, it is then for the opposite party to show that the misdirection did not in fact affect the verdict.
For the reasons which I have already outlined,
I am of the opinion that the misdirection might well have affected the verdict and caused a miscarriage of justice. Therefore, despite the fact that no objection was made by counsel for the plaintiff at the close of the charge, I would allow this appeal and grant a new trial. In view, however, of that lack of objection, I am of the opinion that the plaintiff should not be allowed any costs of the first trial. However, in the notice of appeal to the Court of Appeal for Ontario, the fourth ground of appeal is set out as follows:
4. The jury were misdirected as to the law in respect to assault and also the law in respect to
[ dans ces circonstances, le demandeur ne saurait maintenant obtenir un nouveau proc6s. Cette question a 6t6 maintes fois consid6r6e en cette Cour et ailleurs. Dans Ristow c. Wetstein , le Juge Smith dit, aux pages 132 et 133:
Il y a eu un manquement total A l'obligation d'attirer l'attention du jury sur cet ment de preuve, sur lequel on aurait pu convenablement fonder un verdict de ndgligence contre le conducteur, et de plus, il y a eu une directive expresse portant que le jury pouvait ne tenir aucun compte de la partie la plus essentielle de cet 616ment de preuve. C'6taient des directives inexactes de la part du Juge, comportant vice de proc6dure, et erreur judiciaire, en ce sens que la cause du demandeur n'a pas 6t6 convenablement soumise au jury. Par cons6quent, un nouveau procks a 6t6 h bon droit ordonn6, nonobstant le fait qu'aucune objection n'a 6t6 soulev6e contre les directives au jury.
Dans Leslie c. The Canadian Press , le Juge en Chef Kerwin, traitant des directives au jury par le Juge de prenire instance dans une affaire de diffamation, dit, A la page 874:
Je suis d'avis que la meilleure r~gle A suivre, et la seule qui doive tre adopt6e, est qu'il suffit que la demanderesse d6montre qu'une directive inexacte peut avoir influ6 sur le verdict et non pas qu'elle l'a fait en r6alit6. Si une Cour d'appel a des doutes quant A la question de savoir si cette directive inexacte a influb sur le verdict ou non, il incombe alors a l'autre partie de montrer que la directive inexacte n'a pas en fait influ6 sur le verdict. Pour les motifs que je viens d'6noncer, je suis d'avis que la directive inexacte peut bien avoir influ6 sur le verdict et entrain6 une erreur judiciaire. Par cons6quent, nonobstant le fait qu'aucune objection n'a 6t6 soulev6e par l'avocat du demandeur aprbs les directives du Juge, je suis d'avis d'accueillir ce pourvoi et d'accorder un nouveau procks. ttant donn6 toutefois cette absence d'objection, je suis d'avis que le demandeur n'a pas droit aux d6pens du premier procks. Cependant, dans l'avis d'appel pr6sent6 & la Cour d'appel d'Ontario, le quatribme grief d'appel est comme suit:
4. Le jury a requ des directives inexactes quant A la loi relative aux voies de fait. 6 [1956] R.C.S.
Le Juge Spence trespass and as to what is involved in law in the excessive use of force.
Therefore, in my view, the appellant should have the costs incurred in the Court of Appeal and in this Court. The costs of the new trial should be in the discretion of the judge presiding thereat. I would dispose of the appeal in the above fashion.
Appeal allowed with costs, and
JJ. (dissenting)
.
Solicitors for the plaintifl, appellant: Simmers,
Edwards, Jenkins, Thompson & Jenkins, Galt.
Solicitors for the defendant, respondent, Fersu
Hotel Ltd.: Lochead, Sills, Osborne, Madorin &
Bean, Kitchener.
Solicitors for the defendant, respondent, Walter
Balaban: Sims, Baver, Sims & Giffen, Kitchener.
et aussi quant A la loi relative aux actes dits atrespassD et quantA l'implication juridique de l'usage excessif de la force.
Par consequent, je suis d'avis que 1'appelant a droit aux d6pens devant la Cour d'appel et devant cette Cour. Les d6pens du nouveau proces seront A la discr6tion du juge qui y pr6sidera. C'est ainsi que je dispose du pourvoi.
Appel accueilli avec dipens, et itant dissidents.
Procureurs du demandeur, appelant: Simmers, Edwards, Jenkins, Thompson & Jenkins, Galt. Procureurs de la ddfenderesse, intimie, Fersu Hotel Ltd.: Lochead, Sills, Osborne, Madorin & Bean, Kitchener.
Procureurs du ddfendeur, intimg, Walter Balaban: Sims, Bauer, Sims & Giflen, Kitchener. Spence
Robert David Draper (Plaintiff)
Appellant;
and
Lloyd Jacklyn and
Robert David Draper (Demandeur) Appelant; et
Lloyd Jacklyn et
Barry Jacklyn (Defendants) Respondents.
1969: June 11; 1969: October 7.
Present: Judson, Ritchie, Hall, Spence and Pigeon JJ.
Evidence-Motor vehicle accident victim treated surgically-Kirschner wires inserted in fractured jaw protruding through cheek-Photographs of victim's face taken during treatment period-Trial judge permitting submission of photographs to jury-Whether photographs properly admitted.
Damages-Injuries sustained by motor vehicle accident victim-Award by jury-No justification for any interference with award.
The plaintiff, who sustained injuries as the result of a motor vehicle accident, was operated on and fractures of his jaw and cheekbone as well as various lacerations were treated surgically. The treatment of the fractures of the jaw consisted of the insertion of
Kirschner wires and these wires protruded from the left cheek. The plaintiff was discharged from hospital eight days after the accident, and the Kirschner wires remained in his cheek for about four weeks.
At trial, the jury awarded the plaintiff general damages of $15,000. The Court of Appeal allowed the defendant's appeal and directed a new trial limited to the quantum of damages only. The conclusion that there should be a new trial was based solely upon the fact that the trial judge had permitted the submission to the jury of two photographs of the plaintiff which were taken during the period immediately following his discharge from hospital.
The Court of Appeal disagreed with the opinion of the trial judge that these photographs were not in- Barry Jacklyn (Difendeurs) Intimes.
1969: le 11 juin; 1969: le 7 octobre.
Pr6sents: Les Juges Judson, Ritchie, Hall, Spence et Pigeon.
Preuve-Automobile-Traitement chirurgical des blessures d'une vicitime d'un accident-Insertion de broches de Kirschner qui sortaient de la joue- Photographies du visage de la victime prises pendant la piriode du traitement-Juge de premidre instance autorisant la prdsentation au jury des photographies -Auraient-elles etre prdsenties.
Dommages-Blessures subies par la victime d'un accident d'automobile-Montant accord6 par le jury -Il n'y a pas lieu d'intervenir dans l'appriciation des dommages.
Le demandeur, qui a subi des blessures comme r6sultat d'un accident d'automobile, a 6t6 op6r6 et ses fractures de la machoire et de l'os malaire de m8me que ses diverses d6chirures, ont fait l'objet d'un traitement chirurgical. Le traitement des fractures de la machoire comportait l'insertion de broches de Kirschner, qui sortaient de la joue gauche. Le demandeur a quitt6 l'h6pital huit jours apris l'accident, et les broches de Kirschner sont rest6es dans sa joue environ quatre semaines.
Lors du procks, le jury a accord6 au demandeur $15,000, titre de dommages g6n6raux. La Cour d'appel a accueilli l'appel des d6fendeurs et a ordonn6 un nouveau procks portant sur le seul montant des dommages. La d6cision d'ordonner un nouveau procks est motiv6e uniquement sur le fait que le juge de premibre instance avait autoris6 la pr6sentation au jury des deux photographies du demandeur qui avaient 6t6 prises imm6diatement apris sa sortie de Phbpital. La Cour d'appel 6tait d'avis que ces photographies n'avaient pas pour effet clined to inflame the jury. The plaintiff appealed from the judgment of the Court of Appeal to this
Court.
Held: The appeal should be allowed and the judgment at trial restored.
Per Judson, Hall, Spence and Pigeon JJ.: The photographs showed graphically, although not horribly, the condition of the plaintiff as the result of his injuries and treatment in the few weeks after the accident. The photographs were relevant and were therefore admissible and should have gone to the jury unless their prejudicial effect was so great that it would exceed their probative value. The decision as to the prejudicial effect was essentially one for the exercise of the personal discretion of the trial judge in the particular circumstances of each case.
There was no justification for any interference with the award.
Per Ritchie J.: The oral descriptions given by the doctors as to the effect of the plaintiff's injuries on his appearance and the nature of the medical treatment to which he was subjected were clearly relevant and admissible. This being the case, there was no valid ground for excluding the photographs which had the effect of providing the jury with a graphic illustration of the plaintiff's condition during the course of his treatment as described by the doctors.
[Noor Mohamed v. The King, [1949] A.C. 182;
Gray v. LaFleche, [1950]
1 D.L.R. 337; R. v.
O'Donnell, [1936] 2 D.L.R. 517; R. v. Creemer and
Cormier (1967), 1 C.R.N.S. 146; Green v. The King
(1939), 61 C.L.R. 167 (H.C.A.); The King v. Cartman, [1940] N.Z.L.R. 725; Nance British Columbia Railway Co., [1951] A.C. 601, referred to.]
APPEAL from a judgment of the Court of
Appeal for Ontario', allowing an appeal from a judgment of Grant J. pronounced after trial by jury, and directing a new trial limited to quantum of damages. Appeal allowed and judgment at trial restored.
H. G. Chappell, Q.C., and A. L. McKenzie,
Q.C., for the plaintiff, appellant.
de trop impressionner le jury. Le demandeur en appela a cette Cour.
Arrdt: L'appel doit Stre accueilli et le jugement de premibre instance r6tabli.
Les Juges Judson, Hall, Spence et Pigeon: Les photographies montrent graphiquement et non pas horriblement l'6tat du demandeur par suite de ses blessures et des traitements qu'il a regus dans les semaines qui ont suivi l'accident. Les photographies 6taient pertinentes et par cons6quent admissibles et auraient dfi Stre remises au jury, a moins que leur effet nuisible ne fut tel qu'elles puissent d6passer leur valeur probante. La d6cision concernant cet effet nuisible ne d6pend au fond que de l'appriciation personnelle par le juge de premiere instance des faits particuliers A chaque affaire.
II n'y a pas lieu d'intervenir dans l'appr6ciation des dommages.
Le Juge Ritchie: Les m6decins ont. donn6 une description verbale nettement pertinente et recevable des effets sur la physionomie du demandeur des blessures qu'il a subies et du genre de traitement auquel il a 6t6 soumis. Cela 6tant, il n'y a aucun motif valable pour rejeter les photographies, qui ont eu pour effet de fournir au jury une illustration graphique de l'6tat dans lequel se trouvait. le demandeur pendant le cours de son traitement tel que d6crit par les m6decins.
Arr8ts mentionn6s: Noor Mohamed c. The King, [1949] A.C. 182; Gray c. LaFlche, [1950] 1 D.L.R. 337; R. c. O'Donnell, [1936] 2 D.L.R. 517; R. c. Creemer et Cormier (1967), 1 C.R.N.S. 146; Green c. The King (1939), 61 C.L.R. 167 (H.C.A.); The King c. Cartman, [1940] N.Z.L.R. 725; Nance v. British Columbia Railway Co., [ 1951] A.C. 601. APPEL d'un jugement de la Cour d'appel d'Ontario', accueillant un appel d'un jugement du Juge Grant rendu A la suite d'un procks par jury, et ordonnant un nouveau procks portant sur le montant des dommages. Appel accueilli et jugement de premiere instance r6tabli.
H. G. Chappell, c.r., et A. L. McKenzie, c.r., pour le demandeur, appelant.
Cases cited
- Cook v. Lewis scr-1951-830
- O.R. 144 O.R. 144
- Ristow v. Wetstein scr-1934-128
- Leslie v. The Canadian Press scr-1956-871
- Noor Mohamed v. The King A.C. 182
- 2 D.L.R. 517 2 D.L.R. 517
- A.C. 601 A.C. 601
- Gray c. LaFlche 1 D.L.R. 337
Statutes and regulations cited
-
Unresolved citations
- s. 28(1) of The Judicature Act
- art. 28(1)