to by applying them to determine the time when the policy should begin to have effect upon the return cargo without interfering with the contention of the appellants that they were not intended to apply to the loading at Halifax which was already completed before the policy was effected. The policy being construedGwynne, J. to apply to the return cargo, in which, under the agreement in evidence, the plaintiff had an undoubted insurable interest when obtained and loaded on the vessel, it is clear that the interest of the plaintiffs in the goods lost was abundantly sufficient to support the verdict, which ought, therefore, to be upheld, and this appeal should be dismissed with costs.
the judgment of the Superior Court restored.
STRONG, J.
I am of opinion that the proper conclusion from the evidence is that the revenues derived from all the properties, as well those belonging to the estate Bosna, as those belonging to the succession Giraldi, were paid by Madame Giraldi, acting through her agent Guimond, into the bank to be ultimately distributed amongst the creditors of the Giraldi succession.
It does not, it is true, appear from the minutes of the meeting of the 15th March, 1870, the resolutions of which have reference exclusively to the sales of the properties belonging to the succession Giraldi, and the distribution of the monies arising from those sales, that the creditors came to any conclusion as to the disposal of the revenues. It is, however, a fair inference from the whole course of proceeding, as well as from the evidence of Mr. Cott, that the monies were paid into the bank, not upon an ordinary deposit account, bat as funds to be applied to the payment of the debts of the succession. Then, so far as I can see, the evidence fails to establish that Guimond was the agent, or mandatary, of the bank. He is not referred to in the minutes of the meeting and it Strong, J. is not shown that he received any express authority from the bank, or from Mr. Cotid, to receive the rents or to act in any manner as their agent or the agent of the creditors.
He had been the agent of Mr. Giraldi, in his lifetime, acting as such in receiving the rents of the properties belonging to the estate Bosna, as well as of those belonging to Mr. Giraldi himself, and after the death of the latter he continued to act in the same capacity for Madame Giraldi, and this he continued to do after the creditors' meeting in the same manner as he had formerly done. In effect, therefore, these rents were received
Madame
Giraldi through her agent, Guimond, and were by her paid to the bank, for the benefit of itself and the other creditors, as monies belonging to the estate Giraldi, and were by the bank received in good faith as monies properly applicable to that purpose, and the legal result must be precisely the same as if Madame Giraldi had personally collected the rents and paid the money to the bank. The law applicable to such a state of facts is contained in art. 1143 of the Civil Code of the province of Quebec. That art. (which is identical with art. 1239 C. N.) is expressed in these words:
peut r6pt6 6t nen 6tait There is some difference of opinion amongst the commentators as to whether this article applies at all to the action which the true owner of the money or thing given in payment institutes for its recovery, and whether it is not confined to the case of the debtor who has unduly paid his debt with the money or property of another seeking a repetition of the payment CAI. Demolombe, however, shows very clearly that it correctly Strong, J. expresses the law applicable to the action of the true owner, and is not restricted in the manner suggested by the other authorities quoted (2); and, interpreting it in this sense, it entirely agrees with the English law as expressed in the adage, that " money has no ear mark " (3).
Then, applying this article to the facts of the present case, as before stated, it is clear that the Court of Queen's Bench rightly dismissed the action, for the money was received by a creditor in good faith, it not being suggested that the bank had any knowledge of the rights of the heirs Bosna, unless, indeed, Guimond was their agent, and that he was not their agent appears to be the true conclusion from the facts in evidence. The only other condition requisite to disentitle the plaintiffs to recover is that the money should be " consumed," and the payment of money into a bank and the mixture of it with its other funds according to the ordinary course of business, is equivalent to consumption. That the whole question turns upon the supposed agency of Guimond is conceded by the learned judge who dissented in the Court of Queen's Bench, Mr. Ju stice Tessier, and he only reached the conclusion that the plaintiffs were entitled to judgment by holding that it was proved that Guimond was the agent of the bank, a view of the facts in which I am compelled to differ from him.
Tudor-L I am of opinion that the appeal must be dismissed with costs.
FOURNIER, J.:
Le pr6sent appel est d'un jugement rendu par la Cour du Banc de la Reine A Montrial, le 21 mars 1882, infirmant le jugement de la Cour Sup6rieure pour le District de Montrial, par lequel cette dernibre avait condamn6 l'intim6e A payer aux appelants $9,933.04. L'action des appelants est fond6e sur les faits suivants: Fen Seraphino Giraldi, h6telier de Montrdal, fut mari6 deux fois; la premibre a Marie Anne Bosna, d6c6d6e en 1841; la seconde A Henriette Sdn6cal, d6c6d6e en 1877. Il y a eu des enfants des deux mariages. Dut premier sont n6es Marie Anne Giraldi, Julie Giraldi et Eliza Giraldi. Avec sa premibre femme Giraldi 6tait en communaut6 de biens. Avec sa seconde une s6paration de biens avait 6 obtenue en justice.
Les immeubles d6crits en la d6claration en cette cause formaient partie de la communaut& de biens qui avait exist6 entre Giraldi et Marie Anne Bosna. Ce fait est constat6 par 1'inventaire fait par Giraldi en qualit6 de tuteur A ses trois filles issues de son mariage avec Marie Anne Bosna, sa premibre femme.
II 6tait encore en possession, par indivis, de ces immeubles A 1'6poque de son d6chs.
L'action est intent6e par l'une des trois filles du pre. mier mariage de Giraldi et par les repr6sentants des deux autres. Il est inutile d'6noncer ici de nouveau la filiation, les titres et qualit6s des parties, on en trouvera un expos6 complet dans les notes de l'Honorable Juge Tessier sur cette cause.
Lors de son d6chs Giraldi 6tait en faillite; cependant il avait fait un testament constituant Dame Henrielte &Snical, sa seconde femme, 16gataire universelle en usufruit, avec pouvoir de vendre ses proprit6s pour payer ses dettes. Ce legs fut accept6 par sa veuve sons b6n6fice d'inventaire.
Les cr6anciers de Giraldi, au nombre desquels se ' B.* trouvait l'intim6e pour le plus fort montant, se r6unirent le 15 mars 1870, et, aprbs avoir pris communication du testament de feu Giraldi, autorisant dame Henriette Fournier, J. Skdacal, sa 16gataire, de vendre les immeubles pour payer les dettes de sa succession, s'en d6clar~rent contents et satisfaits
Apris quelqu'autres d6cisions concernant le rbglement des affaires, ils adopt~rent, en outre, les resolutions suivantes:- Ils d6sirent que sur le tout, ma lame Giraldi prenne, comme par le pass6, l'avis de F. Ca.qsidy, Ecuier, avocat, et Honord Cotd, Ecuier, Caissier de la Banque Jacques-Carier, deux des cr6anciers, et qui, m~me du temps de M. Giraldi, 6taient ses aviseurs ordinaires, promettant avoir pour agrbable tout ce qui sera fait de l'avis de ces
Messieurs.
Et comme il est impossible de dire encore quel est l'6tat actuel et rbel de la succession, les dits crbanciers d~clarent qu'ils sont d'opinion et d~sirent que les argents provenant de la vente A mademoiselle Cuvillier, ainsi que celle de la propri~t6 de la rue Dubord, et celles des autres propri6ths, apr~s qu'autorisation suffisante aura 6t0 obtenue soit pour les liciter colontairement ou foredment, soient dipos4s dans la dite Banque Jacques-Cartier pour 6tre partag~s et divis6s entre les dits crkanciers, au pro rata de leurs r~clamations contre la dite succession quand tout aura 6t6 r6alis6, d6sirant dans lintirit de tour, que toute pr~caution possible soit prise pour arriver A un bon r6sultat. et se fiant entibrement aux dits Conseils de madame Giraldi et A ceux qui ont en mains le r~glement des affaires de la succession. Les dettes hypoth~caires et privil6gi6es devant
6tre paybes avant partage des dits argents, comme dit plus haut.
* Et les dits crbanciers ont sign6.
Montrbal, ce 15 Mars 1870.
Ces r6solutions sont adoptbes et sign6es par une longue liste de crbanciers, dans laquelle ne figurent aucun des h6ritiers Bosna.
Conform6ment . ces r6solutions la collection des revenus de cette succession fut confi6e & Louis Guimond, qui avait 6t6 pendant plusieurs ann6es le g6rant d'affaires de Giraldi. Guimond devait agir sous le contr6le et la direction de M. H.
caissier de la Banque Jacques-Cartier (Intimbe) et de Francis Cassidy, solliciteur de cette banque.
Guimond s'est fidlement acquitt6 de ses fonctions. Fourier, JIl a collect6 tous les revenus des propri6t6s de Giraldi, tant ceux des propri6t6s dont il 6tait seul propri6taire, que ceux des propri6t6s qu'il poss6dait par indivis avec les enfants issus de son premier mariage avec Marie Anne Bosna, demandeurs en cette cause.
Ces revenus ont t6 indistinctement d6pos6s par Guimond A la banque Jacques- Cartier, au compte ouvert par celle-ci sous le titre de " Succession Giraldi." est indubitable que les deniers provenant de la succession Bosna, de meme que ceux provenant des propri6t6s de Giraldi, ont 6t0 d6pos6s et confondus sous le m~me titre. La Banque (Intim6e) A qui 1'on demande maintenant le remboursement des deniers regus de cette maniare, et sur lesquels elle n'a aucun droit, pr6tend en justifier 1'appropriation en allguant qu'ils ont 6t6 d6pos6s sons le nom de Succession S. Giraldi, qu'elle est cr6anciare de Sraphino Giraldi pour $40,000, qu'elle n'est aucunement tenue de rendre aux h6ritiers Bosna leurs deniers ainsi re9us. Elle admet que ces deniers sont encore dans sa caisse, moins deux paiements qu'elle s'est faite a elle-m~me.
Elle se plaint aussi que les h6ritiers S. Giraldi ne sont pas en cause.
Quant 6 ce dernier grief il y a th rem~di6 par la mise en cause de Franpois Sncal, ex~cuteur testamentaire de feu Dame Henriette Sgn6cal et curateur A la substitution cr6ee en faveur des enfants de feu Z.
Sdnical n'a pas contest6 les droits des Bosna.
Cette objection de forme 6cartee, il reste A savoir si le fait que les deniers des Bosna ont 6t6 d6pos6s ; la Banque au compte qu'elle a ouvert au nom de S. Giraldi lui forme un titre suffisant pour refuser de les rendre A ses propri6taires.
Guimond 6tait incontestarD[ blement le mandataire de la banque; il a 6t6 choisi par elle, et dans tout ce qu'il a fait il a agi sous la direction de M. CoId, son caissier. et de Cassidy son solliciteur. Guimond savait que ces deniers appartenaient aux Bosna, Fournier.J. et la connaissance qu'il en avait doit tre cens6e remonter jusquA la Banque dont il 6tait le mandataire.
Ind6pendamment de cette connaissance pr6sum6e, la r6solution cit6e plus haut, adopt6e par les cr6anciers fait voir qu'on n'ignorait pis que des tiers avaient des droits de propri6t dans les immeubles de la succession
Giraldi. Apros avoir ordonn6 le d6p6t des argents devant provenir de la vente de deux propri6t6s mentionn6es dans cette r6solution, les cr6anciers ordonnent de plus qu'il en sera de meme pour les autres propri6ts, aprbs qu'autorisation suffisante aura t6 obtenue soit pour les liciter volontairement oujorc6ment. Avec qui pr6voit-on qu'on aura A liciter quelques-unes des propri6ths. Evidemment, il n'est pas question d'une licitation des propri6ths appartenant A Giraldi seul. Pour 4tre pay~s de leur ddt les cr6anciers n'avaient qu'A la faire vendre soit en justice, soit par Henriette Sdncal qui y 6tait autoris6e.
Il ne pouvait y avoir de licitation A moins d'un indivis entre oGiraldi et quelques autres propri6taires dont on connaissait et admettait les droits dans quelques-unes des propri6t6s. Quels
6taient ces co-propri6taires? La r6solution ne les nomment pas, il est vrai.
Mais s'ils ne sont pas nomm6s, n'est-ce pas parce que l'on savait trop bien avec qui il fallait compter pour proc6der A cette licitation volontairement ou forcment, comme le dit la resolution.
Cette d6claration n'est-elle pas une admission formelle que l'on savait alors que Giraldi avait des co-propri6taires dans certaines propri6t6s ? La banque 6tait done inform6e et savait qu'en retirant tous les revenus des pro.
pr6t6s elle se trouvait i retirer en m6me temps des argents n'appartenant pas A son d6biteur et qu'en V.e cela elle agissait comme negotiorum gestor des co-pro. pri6taires de Giraldi. Bien que les Bosna ne soient pas nommes dans cette rbsolution, il n'est que juste de pr&- Fournier, J.sumer que la banque agissant par son caissier et par Guimond, qui avaient la direction et la gestion des affaires de la succession Giraldi, savait aussi que lea co-propri6taires, dont elle reconnaissait
I'existence, 6taient les Bosna. C'est en vain que l'intim6e essaierait de rejeter sur succession insolvable- de Giraldi, la responsabilit6 de ce qu'elle a fait faire par ses agents Louis Guimond et Henriette Sendcal. Cette dernibre, surtout, n'a 6t6 qu'un instrument passif entre les mains de la banque; la seule part qu'elle a prise A cette administration a t6 de faire sa marque d'une croix au bas des chbques que le caissier et le solliciteur Cassidy 1'induisaient A signer dans 1'int6r~t de la banque. Cette femme n'entendait rien aux affaires, et n'a fait en tout ceci que pr6ter son nom A la banque pour faciliter le r6glement des affaires.
La preuve faite par Guimond a 6tabli de la manibre la plus positive quelles sommes out 6t6 retirees pour la succession Bosna, et quelles autres sommes l'ont 6t6 pour la succession Giraldi. Il ne peut y avoir d'erreur sous ce rapport. La banque ayant encore dans sa caisse ces deniers qu'elle sait ne pas lui appartenir, et lea Bosna ayant prouv6 clairement que ces m6mes deniers leur appartiennentil n'y a pas de motif raisonnable qui puisse emp~cher d'en ordonner la restitution.
Toute la preuve faite par l'intimbe consiste dans une reddition de compte faite en 1872 par Henriette Sdnical aux h6ritiers Bosna, et dans deux actes d'acceptation de -ce compte par deux des Demandeurs.
El1e pr6tend tirer de ces actes une preuve que lea h6ritiers Bosna ont approuv6 et sanctionl1g co qui a th fait par Henriette Sdndcal pour le rbglement de la succession S. Giraldi, que, cons6quemment, ceux-ci n'ont maintenant de recours que contre Henriette Sdndcal on la succession *. insolvable de S. Giraldi. II est facile de voir en lisant les actes qu'il est impossible de les interprter de manibre A soutenir cette pr6tention.
D'abord il apparait & la face de cette reddition de compte qu'elle n'a aucun rapport A 1'administration de Benrie/te Sen6cal, elle-meme, des biens de la succession Bosna, depuis 1'adoption de la r6solution des crbanciers, l'obligeant & d6poser les revenus de la succession Giraldi, A la Banque Jacques-Cartier. Le pr6ambule d6clare au contaire que c'est en sa qualit6 d'administratrice des biens de la succession de son mari,en vertu de son testament qu'elle rend compte aux h6ritiers de feu Dame Marie Anne Bosna des biens et de l'administration et gestion qu'en a eu le dit feu S. Giraldi. Cette d6claration est assez prbcieuse pour faire voir qu'il ne s'agit aucunement d'une reddition de conipte personnellement par la dite Dame Henriette Sdnical.
C'est comme l6gataire en usufruit de son mari qu'elle rend un compte que celui-ci aurait d-h rendre.
Elle ne pr6tend pas rendre un compte de son intervention personnelle dans les affaires de la succession Bosna. Il est impossible de voir en quoi cela peut compromettre les droits des Bosna aux deniers retir6s par la dite Dame Sdnical et d6pos6s par elle dans la caisse de 1'intim6e.
II est vrai que les parties out admis que dans ce compte se trouvent mentionnusles fruits et revenus des propri6t6s dont ilest question en cette cause jusqu'd I'6poque de sa date; c'est-hdire qu'on en a fait une d6claration et rien de plus. La rendant compte ne s'en est pas reconnue d6bitrice et n'a ni pay6 ni promis d'en payer le montant.
Tout au plus ce compte pourrait 6tre consid6r6 comme un simple 6tat de ce qui 6tait alors dfi pour fruits et revenus la succession
Bosna.
L'acceptation de ce compte par deux des h6ritiers ne tire pas plus 6 cons6quence que le compte lui-m6me. Les h6ritiers n'ont point donn6 une quittance A Henriette Sdndcal pour les dits fruits et revenus, n'ayant touch Fournier, J. aucuns deniers lors de cette reddition de compte, ils se sont born6s A approuver les chiffres du compte sous la r6serve expresse de tons leurs droits, exprim6s dans les termes suivants:
prejudice, ni dit Giraldi et dit et et et
En examinant attentivement cette reddition de compte et les actes d'acceptation, on voit que ces documents ne peuvent aucunement prbjudicier aux droits des appelants; que si, au contraire, ils font quelque preuve, c'est que dans tous les cas l'intimse a eu une connaissance positive des droits des h6ritiers Bosna, au moins A la date de cette reddition de compte produite par elle-m~me, savoir au 13 octobre 1872.
Mais je suis d'avis qu'elle avait dbji obtenu cette connaissance par la r6solution cit6e plus haut.
On a dit que la banque aurait eu une bonne d6fense si elle e it fait des avances sur le d6p6t des derniers en question oii si elle les efit distribubs aux cr6anciers de la succession Giraldi. Je ne le crois pas; la connaissance qu'elle a eu du droit des tiers par la r6solution du 15 mars 1870, et par la reddition de compte aurait toujours 6t6 un obstacle a son appropriation de ces deniers.
Dans tons les cas les deniers sont encore en caisse, a 1'exception des deux paiements faits. Quant A ces paiements on doit pr6sumer que la banque les a faits avec les deniers qui lui appartenaient, VOL. 1.] SUPREh[E COURT OF CANADA.
et non pas avec ceux qui ne lui appartenaient pas. Je crois done pour les motifs ci-dessus expos6s, que la r6clamation des Bosna est fond6e en loi et en 6quit6 et que le jugement de la Cour Sup6rieure aurait di Atre maintenu. Pour les raisons contenues dans ce jugement, je suis aussi d'avis que l'int6rat devrait tre accord6 pourFournier,J. cinq annbes au moins. Le jugement de la Cour du
Bane de la Reine devrait 6tre infirm6, et celui de la
Cour Suprieure r6tabli int6gralement avec d6pens dans toutes les cours.
HENRY :- The decision in this case does not, in my view, turn upon any delicate points of law, but upon the correct appreciation of the facts arising from two distinct successions.
Sdraphino Giraldi was married to Mary Ann
Bosna, and between them there was a community of property during their joint lives. She died, and on her death there were two successions -the maternal one, on her side, and the paternal one, that of her husband's.
Her heirs then became entitled to the rents, issues and profits of all the immoveable property. After the death of Sdraphino Giraldi, who died intestate,
Henriette Senecal, his second wife, became the executrix of his estates, and being incompetent to manage the business portion of the administration, a meeting of the creditors was held at the bank Jacques Cartier, and at that meeting the bank was represented by its solicitor and their manager.
At that meeting a Mr. Guimond, who had previously managed the estate of Giraldi, was appointed to act for the creditors and for the executors.
He was authorized to collect the rents, to sell moveable property, and to administer the estate of S&raphin'
Giraldi. In carrying out his duties in that respect, it became necessary, to a certain extent, to collect the rents due to the two estates from undivided property held by the two successions.
In doing so he acted to a great extent under the directions of the bank, through their a nd professional adviser. He did and in collecting the monies he paid them into this bank to the credit of Henriette Senecal, and they could not be withhenry, 3. drawn from that bank, (which, to my mind, became a mere bank of deposit in the interest of the parties whos'e moneys were deposited there), without the cheque or other authority of the executrix.
There was no difficulty in tracing this money, for Guimond distinctly stated the Iamount that was collected for one interest and for the other. That money being placed there, then, to the credit of Mrs. Senecal or Mrs. Giraldi, it was at her disposal, and she could control the payment of it by her cheque.
It was not paid in there for the use of the creditors, nor for the use of the bank, and there was no appropriation made of it by her until she drew cheques for it. A certain amount was drawn and applied to the debts of the Giraldi succession, and the amount now sought to be recovered is the amount that was properly due to the succession Bosna. It was said that Guimond, who paid that in, was not the agent of the bank. Whose agent was he, then? Whom did he act for? In carrying out the instructions of Cassidy and the solicitor and manager of the bank, he was virtually acting so as to bind the bank as fully as if the directors had given positive instructions what to do with the money. That money never became the money of the bank. It was placed in the bank on deposit, the same as it would be in any other bank, and dismissing from our minds the fact that the bank were creditors of Giraldi, how would it stand if that money had been deposited in that bank for any other estate?
To whose credit was it paid in ? Certainly, to the credit of the executrix, partly for the one estate and as the tutor of the other. She had the right of appropriation of that money. She could apply a portion of it to pay the debts due by
T one estate, and the other to the payment of the money due to the heirs of Bo:,na. That money being paid into ~JACQUES-' the bank as a mere bank deposit, what right has the bank to retain it when the true owner of it appears to claim it, and clearly establishes his right to it ? J. They cannot defend this action because it was not the money of the estate of Giraldi, that remains in the bank as its share had been withdrawn.
We are told that there was no agency of the bank shown in Guimond.
I cannot conceive how an agency can be proved in stronger terms.
One party appoints another to do a certain act, and in doing it, it is necessary for him to involve the interests of a third party. It is true, he
(Guimond) was' not directly authorized to collect what was due to the succession Bosna, but if it became necessary in carrying out his instructions that that circumstance should arise, his acts became the acts of his principal.
Gaimond paid that money into the bank to the credit of Mrs. Benecal, in the way mentioned, and it remains in the bank still. The bank has never attempted to use that money in any way. It is there to the credit the executrix of the estate Giraldi, and of the tutor the estate Bosna.
No appropriation of that money has been made; the bank had no power to make any appropriation of it, but if they wished to exercise that power they certainly had many years to do it in. They never made the attempt to do so, and we have the right to conclude that they never considered themselves entitled to make such an appropriation. Under the circumstances, I entirely agree with the judgment of Mr. Justice Tessier, in the court below, and I have no hesitation in s3ying that both equity and law are in favor of these parties receiving their money. We have not in this case to strain nice legal points, and give them consideration in favor of the party against equitable rights. I maintain, however, there is nothing on the A B side of the defendants here as far as the law goes.
We have a right then to look at the equity of the case, and see that the money of one party Henry, J. is not taken, as the Chief Justice says, to pay the debts of an insolvent estate to parties who are not entitled to it.
I consider, under these circumstances, that the appellants have the right to recover this money. It is a principle of law that whoever receives another man's money through a third party, the owner has a right to go to the party who received it and say " That is my money; you have received it on my account, and, therefore, I have a right to recover it back," and the bank has no right, in this case, to say, " We received that money as a deposit from one who really did not own it."
Under these circumstances, I am of opinion with the Chief Justice and Mr. Justice Fournier, that the appeal should be allowed. The bank received it merely as a holder of the money in the meantime, until it is appropriat d by the party who has the right to do so by law. I consider the parties here are entitled in law and equity to recover the money that was paid in to their use.
J.:
This most extraordinary action has been rightly dismissed by the Court of Queen's Bench.
I cannot help seeing in it a conspiracy, between the Giraldis, the Bosnas, and Guimond, to defraud the bank of a comparatively large amount. On the simple ground alone, taken by Cross and Ramisay, JJ., that the late Giraldi is not represented in the cause, the judgment must be confirmed.
To say that this estate is represented by the parties J.
IX.]
mis en cause is an error. The estate is vacant. Evidently, the plaintiffs must be under the impression that, because Giraldt's succession was accepted sons bn6fice Q d'inventaire, this gave to his legatee, Henriette Snical, the right to appropriate all the revenues of the estate, without being liable for the debts. The court below rightly held that Guimond was not the agent of the bank. The meeting of creditors has nothing to do with these revenues, but only with the proceeds of the sale the immoveables.
This is clear on the face of the resolutions.
Then it is, in itself, a perfect nullity
These heirs Bosna were all of age in 1869, when Giraldi died. Henriette S&nical, with their consent, for they never objected to it, took possession of the whole estate, Bosnas' as well as the Giraldis', and had the administration of it. Acting consequently as agent for the Bosnas, the plaintiffs, she employed as a sub- agent or accountant a man named Guimond. She received $22,267.57 as revenues of the immoveables. Only $9,635.59 of this remain in the bank.
Now, it is evident that, the difference, which is the amount drawn by Henriette Sdndcal was the plaintiff's monies, and no other. It was the only money which she could draw as their agent. She had no right whatever over the Giraldi succession's monies.
And the plaintiffs must be presumed to have known what their agent did in the matter. After allowing her to do so, after, perhaps, having benefitted themseves by these monies, they, immediately after Henriette Senical's death, (for it is remarkable that as long as she lived they never entered a claim against the bank,) contend that what Henriette &ndcal drew from the bank was not their monies, but the Giraldi monies. Their position is untenable.
They may have a claim against Henriette S&nical's estate, but they certainly have none against the bank.
Then, in law, under art. 1143 the plaintiffs action must also fail.
It was held, in a case reported, that (1)
Here it is clear, by Cdtt6's evidence, that the bank was in good faith.
I am of opinion to dismiss this appeal.
J.
An accurate understanding of the facts is necessary to the due appreciation of the point of law involved in this case, and will serve to remove the difficulties which appear to surround it. Mr. Sdraphino Giraldi in the month of January, 1821, married as his first wife Dame Marie Ann Bosna, without any marriage contract, et sous le regime de la communautg ; of this marriage there were three children born, namely:-1. Marie Ann Giraldi, now the wife of Leon Chapdelaine; 2. Julie Giraldi, who became the wife of one Alexis Girard, and is now deceased; and Eliza Giraldi also now deceased. Dame Marie Ann Bosna died in the month of January, 1841, leaving her surviving and her sole heirs her said three daughters.
By an inventory duly taixen at the instance of the said Straphino Giraldi on the 3rd March, 1841, it appears that the assets of the community of property which had existed between him and his deceased wife, comprised three pieces of immoveable property situate in the city of Montreal.
Afterwards, but when in particular does not appear, save that it was prior to the year 1848, the said Seraphino Giraldi married, as his second wife, Dame Henriette &ncal. Julie Giraldi, the wife of Alexis Girard, died in the month of January, 1845, leaving her sole heir a son of her marriage with Alexis Girard, whose name is also Alexis.
Eliza Giraldi, the third daughter and one of the coheiresses of Dame Marie Ann Busna, died in the month July, 1848, after the second marriage of her father, having first duly made her last will and testament, whereby she appointed her step mother Henriette S6ncal, her universal legatee in usufruct, and Seraphino Giraldi, issue of the marriage of the said Henriette with Seraphino Giraldi, her universal legatee en proprietd. Seraphino Giraldi, the husband of Henriette Snecal, died in the month of May, 1869, having first duly made his last will and testament, whereby he made his widow universal legatee in usufruct of all his immoveable property of which he made their son Seraphino universal legatee en proprield,
By the 7th article of his will he authorized his widow to sell any portion of his property for the payment of his debts upon her own sole authority without any autorisation en justice, or any previous valuation and without the consent of any of his legatees.
Up to the time of his death the said Seraphino Giraldi was still in possession of the above mentioned landed property, which constituted the community of property that had existed between him and his first wife, and in receipt of the rents, issues and profits thereof.
The estate of Seraphino Giraldi was at the time of his death in a hopeless state of insolvency, and his widow Henrietta, having accepted sous benefice d'inventaire the universal usufructuary legacy made in her favor, a meeting of Seraphino's creditors, of whom the defendants were the principal, was held on the 18th March, 1870, at which meeting a resolution was adopted by the creditors, which was put into the form of a deed of deposit of an acte sous seing priv6 signd et paraphi ne varietur before Jobin et Desrosiers, notaries, to the effect following : The creditors, having taken cognizance of the last will and testament of the late Mr. Giraldi, made before Mr. J. Belle et Confrare, notaries, on the 21st July, 1868, and particularly of the 7th clause of it, by which Madame Giraldi is specially authorized to sell the real estate to pay the debts of the succession, declared themselves to be content and satisfied with it, and they declared themselves satisfied with a contemplated sale of property on rue St. Denis to a IMiss Cuvillier for the sum of $7,200, and they authorized Madame Giraldi to complete that sale, and they advised Madame Giraldi to make sale of another property on Dubord street provided that it should not be sold for a less sum than $2,000.
And they desired that above all things, Madame Giraldi should take, as in the past, the advice of F. Cassidy, Esq, advocate, and Honord Esq., cashier of the Bank Jacques Cartier, two of the creditors, and who, even in the time of Mr. Giraldi, were his ordinary advisers, promising to confirm everything which should be done upon the advice of these gentlemen.
" And as it is impossible to say yet what is the actual and real condition of the succession, the said creditors' declare that they are of opinion, and desire that the moneys arising from the sale to Miss Cuvillier, as well as that from the sale of the property on Dubord street, and from the other properties, after obtaining sufficient authority for the voluntary or forced licitation thereof, should be deposited in the Jacques Cartier Bank to be apportioned and divided amongst the said creditors pro rata, according to their respective claims against said succession, when the whole shall be realised, desiring in the interest of all that every possible precaution be taken to arrive at a good result, and confiding entirely in the said advisers of the dame Giraldi and in those who have in their hands the regulation of the affairs of the succession; the hypothe- a , cary and privlieged debts being paid before the division of the said money as aforesaid."
Now, as regards this agreement concluded between the creditors, of whom the defendants were the chief, and Mrs. Giraldi as representing the Giraldi succession in her character of universal usufructuary legatee sous benefice d'inventaire, it seems to be appropriate to observe here that its object and effect was clearly, as it appears to me, to constitute the fund, when created by deposits in the bank, a trust fund, of which the bank who were parties to the agreement, and acting behalf of all the creditors were quasi trustees, and as such having imposed upon them the duty to hold the moneys so deposited upon and for the trust purpose declaredin the agreement-namely, for the benefit of the creditors generally, to be divided among them pro rala according to the amounts of their respective claims;
and therefore that Madame Giraldi could not apply, and the bank should not permit to be applied, any part of such trust fund to any other purpose than it was by the agreement - intended that it should be appliednamely, division among the creditors of the succession.
If any moneys not derived from the property of the succession, but belonging to Mrs. Giraldi in her individual capacity, or moneys over which in such her individual capacity she had control, should by mistake and inadvertence be deposited to the credit of the trust fund, it should be competent for Mrs. Giraldi to claim the right to withdraw, and for the bank, upon being satisfied of the fact relied upon in support of her claim, to permit her to withdraw, such moneys from the trust fund account as not properly belonging to it.
Hence, it follows, as it appears to me, as a clear principle of equity, that if any moneys should be withdrawn from such trust fund when once created by deposit in the bank,which moneys so withdrawn were not applied, or cannot be shown to have been applied, to the purposes of the Giraldi succession, it must be assumed that the moneys so withdrawn were the moneys not belong- J. ing to the succession and which had been, by inadvertence and mistake, deposited to the trust fund account.
Where an act is done which may be rightfully performed, the person doing it cannot be heard to say that it was done wrongfully. So, here, if Mrs. Giraldi had deposited to the credit of the trust fund created in pursuance of the agreement with the creditors of the Giraldi succession, moneys either belonging to herself, or over which, as agent for others, she had control, and not arising from any property of the Giraldi succcession, and if she should be afterwards permitted by the bank, who, as I have said, were quasi trustees, having control of the fund for the benefit of all the creditors, to withdraw from the fund any money not for the purposes of the succession, she could never be heard as against the bank to assert that the money so withdrawn was not the money which, not arising from any property of the succession, had been improperly and by mistake and inadvertence deposited to the credit of the trust fund, but was money rightfully belonging to the succession, and which it had been agreed should remain in the bank for the benefit of, and to be divided among, the creditors of the Giraldi succession. An account kept in the books of the bank in pursuance of the said agreement between the creditors and Madame Giraldi would not be an account whereby, as in the ordinary course of business governing the opening of an account with a customer, the bank would simply become the debtor of the customer for the amounts deposited to his credit, but would be an account special in its character, as to which, for the protection of the fund for the benefit of all the creditors, the bank had -agreed to assume a fiduciary position.
The agreement between the creditors and Madame Q Giraldi, apparently contemplating, as it did, an early sale of the real estate of her deceased husband, provided only for the deposit of the moneys arising from such sales; but Gwynne, J. the sale of the properties constituting the communautM did not take place for some years, and as the estate was hopelessly insolvent and the creditors of the estate were the sole persons beneficially interested in it, and the intention of the creditors parties to the agreement clearly was that the assets of the estate should be and remain deposited in the bank for their benefit until the period of division should arrive upon the whole estate being realised, Madame Giraldi appears to have acted in the spirit of the agreement by causing to be deposited in the bank the moneys belonging to the estate derived from the rents of the realty and from all other sources. What appears to have been done was this: Madame Giraldi, immediately after the decease of her husband and the acceptance by her of the usufructuary legacy given by his will, sous bine/ice d'inventaire, being herself an illiterate person and unable even to write her name, and quite incompetent to transact business, employed one Guimond, who had been a confidential clerk of her husband for ten years previously to his death, to get in and receive for her the assets of the estate, and she caused to be opened at the bank Jacques Cartier an account in the name of the " Succession Seraphino Giraldi," to the credit of which account she caused to be deposited all moneys belonging to the succession coming to her hands, or received by Guimond for her. Upon this account she was in the habit of drawing cheques, as well to pay the expenses of management as insurance repairs and other purposes.
To this account, so opened, she continued, after the agreement between her and the creditors of March, 1870, was entered into, to cause to be deposited all moneys belonging to the estate coming to her hands or received by Guimond for her; and on the 1st of April, 1870, there stood to the credit of the succession Sera- J. phino Giraldi in the bank the sum of $240.67. It appears to me to be the reasonable inference to draw from the agreement with the creditors and the facts, namely, that the estate was insolvent, and that the creditors were the sole parties beneficially interested therein, that it was the undoubted intention of all the parties to the agreement of March, 1870 that until sale of real estate, the rents therefrom, and all moneys belonging to the Giraldi succession, from whatever source derived, should thenceforth be deposited in the bank Jacques Cartier for the like purpose as was expressly declared in the agreement in relation to the moneys arising from the sale of the realty. If all the moneys belonging to the Giraldi succession coming to the hands of Madame Giraldi or of her agent, without any deduction for necessary expenses of management, insurance, &c., &c., were deposited to the account in the bank, it would be just that her cheques upon the fund for moneys required to pay expenses attending the management of the estate, the collection of its assets, insurance, repairs, and such like, as well as to pay hypothecary and privileged debts, should be honored by the bank, notwithstanding the terms of the agreement entered into with the creditors, but, except for such purposes, the fiduciary position on behalf of all the creditors assumed by the bank was such as to justify it and to require it in the interest of the creditors to refuse to honor any cheque drawn upon the fund by Madame Giraldi, every deposit to the credit of which fund they were entitled to regard as a conclusive appropriation made for the purpose of satisfying their claims, of the benefit of which, when once deliberately made, she could not deprive them against their will.
It appears, however, that the bank did not exercise L. that strict supervision and power of restraint upon
Madame Giraldi which I think it possessed, in virtue' of the agreement between her and the creditors, to prevent her withdrawing moneys once they were deposited to the credit of the creditors' trust fund, but that the bank was in the habit of honoring her cheques upon the fund without enquiry as to the purpose for which the moneys drawn out on those cheques were required.
the books of the bank it appears that, including the sum of $240.67, standing to the credit of the fund on the 1st
April, 1870, the whole amount deposited to the credit of the fund between that day and the 31st of May following was $3,258.07, and that during the said month of May the bank honored four cheques of Madame
Giraldi made thereon, amounting in the whole to the sum of $3,338.49, one of which only, so far as appears in the evidence, amounting to $1,433, was to pay a debt of the succession.
Uponothe 31st of May the account opened with the bank was thus over drawn to the amount of $80.42.
She appears to have been permitted to continue over drawing the account until upon the
1st of October, 1870, there appears to have been the sum of $215.54 again to the credit of the fund.
All prior deposits made by her from the time of her husband's decease in 1869, amounting to $7,41(.4S, with the exception of this sum of $215.54, were thus wiped out, and we have nothing to do with them in this suit.
The account, therefore, which has been presented by
Guimond, commencing in July, 1869, as a basis upon which to charge the bank is wholly misleading, and considering Mr. Guimond's knowledge of all the transactions of both estates, of which he appears to have had the management, seems to me, I must say, to have been made designedly so, for Mrs. Giraldi having withdrawn all sums which had been deposited by her previously to the lst October, 1870, with the exception of this sum of $215.54 then remaining to the credit of the fund, Mr. Guimond's account, prepared by him expressly for the J. purposes of this suit, to have been honest, should not have gone behind that balance.
From that time forth deposits appear to have been made every month to the credit of the fund until the end of the month of June, 1874, when the account was closed. During this period, although there appear to have been twenty-four months, in which nothing at all was drawn from the fund, Madame Giraldi appears to have drawn upon her cheques the amount in the whole of $5,035.92, all other sums spoken of in the evidence as having been deposited by her in the bank and withdrawn therefrom by her cheques occurred before the agreement between her and the creditors was entered into, whereby the account with the bank was effected with a trust in favor of the creditors The balance remaining to the credit of the account at its close was $9,635.59.
The question is not now whether, in view of the agreement entered into between the cieditors and Madame Giraldi, the bank, in permitting her to draw upon the fund as she did, acted in accordance with the duty it owed to the creditors, or properly executed the trust reposed in the bank by the creditors-that it would retain all moneys deposited to the credit of the fund, so that they should be forthcoming to be divided among the creditors pro ratd when the whole of the assets of the succession should be realised.
No question of that kind arises in this case which only raises the question whether, as between the heirs of Dame Marie Anne Bosna and the bank, the relation of creditors and debtor, or any fiduciary relation, or any privity whatever exists, which entitles the former to recover judgment against the latter for the above sum of $9,365.59, or any, and it any, what part theteof ?
It appears now by the evidence of Mr. Guinmond, who was so, as aforesaid, appointed by Madame Giraldi to collect and get in the assets of the Giraldi estate, that J. she also authorised him to collect and receive the rents accruing in respect of the Dame Marie Anne Bosna's succession's half share in the property -which had constituted the communauti which had existed between the said Dame Marie Anne Bosna and Seraphino Giraldi, in which Bosna estate she herself, the said Henriette Sinical, was beneficially interested in usufruct to the extent of one-third, and Mr. Gaimond says that he did accordingly collect such rents, and he now further says that the amounts collected by him for such rents were paid into the bank with the moneys which were the property of the Giraldi succession to the credit of the Giraldi succession fund, and he says further that by the books which he kept he is able to tell what amount in the whole so received by him being the property of the Bosna succession were so paid in, and what proportion of the amounts withdrawn are properly applicable to the Bosna succession, but he does not profess to be able to say what particular deposit comprised, or to what amount any deposit comprised, moneys belonging to the Bosna estate. He does not, moreover, profess to say that the bank had, and Mr. Cotid, cashier of the bank distinctly, swears that it had not, any knowledge that any moneys belonging to the Bosna succession constituted any part of the moneys deposited to the credit of the Giraldi succession fund, and upon this evidence we must take it to be established that the bank had no knowledge that such was the fact. It was argued that by reason of the agreement entered into with the creditors Guimond is to be considered as thenceforth employed by the bank, and that the bank must be affected by his acts and knowledge; but there is not, in my opinion, any ground for holding that Guimond was employed by the bank at all, or otherwise than by Madame Giraldi, in whom the creditors express their confidence, but at the same time agree to be bound only by such acts as shall be approved by Mr. Cassidy and Mr. Cottd. But even if Guimond is to be considered as employed by the bank, such his employment must be limited to dealing with the property of the Giraldi succession, with which alone the creditors of that succession had anything to do, and cannot extend to his dealings with the Bosna estate, with which they claimed no right of interference; upon no principle, therefore, can the bank be charged with constructive notice of Guimond's acts, or knowledge in relation to the Bosna estate, because he may have been employed by the bank in relation to the Giraldi estate.
It may be true, as is contended, that the bank knew that the heirs of Madame Bosna were equally interested in the property which constituted the assets of the Giraldi succession, but it was only in respect of the Giraldi succession's interest in that property that the creditors claimed any right to interfere, and their requiring the moneys belonging to the Giraldi succession to be deposited in the bank to a special account for their benefit, constituted no interference whatever with the rights and interests of the Bosna succession in the property in which that succession and the Giraldi were jointly interested.
If, indeed, the bank had been aware that moneys belonging to the Bosna estate had been deposited to the credit of the Giraldi succession fund, that might have afforded a reasonable explanation of its having permitted Madame Giraldi to draw so freely upon the fund; for in justice, lio doubt, the creditors of the Giraldi succession would have had no right to have payment of their claims made out of the Bosna estate, and any moneys belonging to that estate appropriated by mistake to the Giraldi succession fund in the bank it would have been reasonable that the bank should permit to be withdrawn by the depositor, upon the fact of the mistake being made clearly to appear. It is obvious that Madame Henrietta Giraldi upon her husband's decease had no authority whatever,either in the character of his usufructuary legatee, or as administratrix of his property under the directions contained in his will, to collect, or receive, any of that portion of the rents of the real estate which constituted the communaute which had existed between him and his first wife, in which the heirs of his said first wife were interested. For the receipts of the Bosna estate by Seraphino Giraldi in his life time, the Giraldi succession was debtor to the heirs Bosna.
For the receipts of Guiniond of funds belonging to the Bosna heirs under the direction of Madame Giraldi after the decease of her husband, she alone, in her individual capacity, was liable to her co-heirs for their two-thirds, she herself being interested in usufruct to the other third part. It appears, however, that in the month of October, 1872, in the character of administratrix of the estate of her deceased husband, she rendered an account, as well of the dealings of her deceased husband in his life time as of herself, subsequent to his decease, with the funds belonging to the heirs Bosna, all blended in one account up to the
15th of October, 1872.
This account is upon its face said to be divided into two parts, tho first terminating on the 1st of August, 1871, and the second upon the 15th October, 1872. the first the total amount due to the heirs of the late Dame Bosna on the 1st of October 1871 is shown to be $6430.341; by the second part the sum of $435.00 is added foi interest on the above to the 15th of October, 1872, making $6865.34-.
The total receipts from the joint property which had formed the communaul between Dame Bosna and her husband between the 1st
August,
1871, and the 15th
October, 1872, shown ' to have been the sum of $5531.12, fTom which is deducted for disbursements $857.73, owyne, J. leaving a balance of $4673.39, which being divided into two equal parts, show the sum of $2336.69) as belonging to the Bosna heirs, to which $6865.341, above mentioned being added makes $9202.04 divisable into three equal parts, namely, to Madame Chapdelaine $3067.34); to Alexis Girard the like sum of $3067.34); and to Madame Henrietta Giraldi the sum of $3067.34); as the whole sum due to they respectively upon the 15th October, 1872, save that to the above share of Madame Chapdelaine a further sum of $1465.93, shewn to be due to her for principal received by Seraphino Giraldi in his life time, and interest thereon, was to be added, making the total amount due to Madame Cha pdelaine on the 15th October, 1872, to be $4533.27. By an act of acceptance, dated the 19th of October, 1872, executed before L. A. Desrosiers, notary public, by Madame Chapdelaine and her husband and by Alexis Girard, Madame Chapdelaine and Alexis Girard, two the co-heirs, (Madame Henriette Giraldi herself being the third,) accepted this account, without prejudice, however, to the hypothecary rights which they had acquired upon the property of the said late Seraphino Giraldi and of his succession for the balance of the said account, and all other claims whatsoever, which they reserved the right to retain in their entirety to exercise them and to make them available as they should be advised.
At the time of the rendering of this account Madame Chapdelaine and Alexis Girard must have been well acquainted with the manner in which Madame Giraldi had been dealing with their property since the death of her husband, and having accepted the account so rendered as one undivided account after having had, as the acceptance says, knowledge and communication of the vouchers proving its correctness, they must be taken to have accepted it as it was rendered, as one undiided account, and inasmuch as, with the exception of that portion of the account which relates to the period between the 1st of August, 1871, and the 15th of October,
1872, there is no distinction drawn between the receipts of Seraphino Giraldi, in his life time, and those of his widow after his decease, and inasmuch as, in respect of the receipts by Seraphino Giraldi in his life time, the only relation which existed between his succession and the heirs Bosna, at the time of the acceptance by the latter of the account rendered in October, 1872, was that of debtor and creditors, so, as it appears to me, the whole account must either be taken to have been accepted in the like character, and as establishing a debt due by the Giraldi succession to the Bosna heirs as creditors, merely subject, of course, to the reservation contained in the act of acceptance, whatever the effect of that may be, of all hypothecary rights which the heirs Bosna had acquired upon the property of the said late Mr.
Giraldi and his succession, and all other claims whatever, oi the heirs Bosna must assume the position of creditors of the Seraphino Giraldi succession for the amounts received by Seraphino Giraldi, in his life time, and as entitled only to claim from Madame Henriette Sdndcal in her individual capacity the respective amounts received by her since the death of Seraphino Giraldi belonging to her co-heirs of the estate Bosnaeach of such co-heirs having a separate and distinct cause of action for the amount due to each, and for which they must each respectively pursue his and her remedies.
Unless and until that account shall be avoided for fraud or error, it must, as it appears to me, prevail, to the extent of defining the amount which the account rendered and accepted acknowledges to be due to each of the heirs Bosna at the time of its having been so rendered and accepted; and even if the bank could be made liable in the present action, framed as it is, we have no occasion to refer to the account prepared awynn6, by Mr. Guimond of the receipt by him of moneysI elonging to the Bosna estate prior to the residering of this account; and so, rejecting all prior receipts, we find that between the 15th October, 1872, and the closing of the account when the properties were sold, the total amount of receipts from what he calls " the M. A. Giraldi succession "-that is, the community property of Dame MarieAnnBosna and S.Giraldi,-was $2,811 75, from which, according to him, the sum of $1,374.45 is to be deducted for disbursements, leaving $1,437.30, which, being divided by two, shows the sum of $718.65, the share of the Bosna heirs, one third of which would belong to Madame Henriette Giraldi herself. Then, as to the account rendered by Mr. Guimond, which he calls the expenditure common to the succession M. A. Giraldi and the succession S. Giraldi, it does not appear how much of this should be charged against the Bosna heirs. It would not, perhaps, be unreasonable to charge to them a proportion which would swallow up the whole of the above sum of $718.65, and so there would be nothing due to them by the bank, even if this action against it can be at all sustained.
It appears to me, I must confess, to be strange how Mr. Guimond could present to the court in this case an account so calculated to mislead as that prepared by him for the purposes of this suit, when he must have known that an account was rendered to the heirs Bosna up to the 18th September, 1872; when, in fact, that account must have been prepared by himself, and the vouchers and proofs of its correctness must have been VOL IX.] SUPREME COURt' OF CANADA.
supplied by himself. It seems equally strange if, at the time of the sale of the properties in 1874, when the heirs Bosna must have received their proportion of the amount arising from the sale, they had not a final settlement with the Dame Giraldi in respect of the moneys which they knew she had received of the rents belonging to them, as well as those contained in the account stated and accepted in October, 1872, as those received subsequently thereto; and that they should never, until after her decease, three years later, set up the claim which is asserted in the present action.
It is difficult to understand why Madame Chapdelaine and Alexis Girard, aware as they were of all the facts, should have had no settlement, if they had no settlement with her during her life.
To hope to arrive at the truth now is vain, when the heir of the accounting party, and those to whom the account should have been rendered, and with whom the settlement should have taken place, appear to have combined together with the assistance of the agent of the accounting party to make the demand made upon the bank in this suit, in which it is the interest of the parties so combining to suppress the truth, if, in truth,a fact which they must know and the bank cannot,-a settlement had taken place between Madame Giraldi and her co-heirs during her life. The plaintiffs then are in this dilemma, that as to the receipts by Seraphino Giraldi, in his life time, they. must present their respective claims against the Seraphino Giraldi succession as creditors of that succession, a proposition which the plaintiffs admit to be correct, and that unless they can claim as creditors also of that succession in respect of the moneys of the Bosna estate received by Madame
Henriette Sndcal since the death of Seraphino, by reason of the account rendered by her in her character of administratrix of Seraphino Giraldi's will, they must look to her in her individual character only and to her succession, and not to the Seraphino Giraldi succession V. at all.
The learned counsel for the appellants relied strongly upon Pennell v. Deffell as an authority in support of his contention, but the facts of that case. were totally different from the present, and, properly understood, the case is rather adverse to his contention.
In applying that case to the present we must separate the claim of Madame Henriette Giral'li from that of Madame Chapdelaine and Alexis Girard; and first as to any claim made in the right of Madame Henriette Giraldi as one of the Bosna co-heirs, she must be regarded as having, since the death of her husband, received in her individual character all the moneys belonging to the Bosna succession which she did receive and which are the subject of this suit. In the third of those moneys she was herself beneficially interested and was at full liberty to deal with as she pleased. That third so, belonging to her, it may be admitted that she paid into the bank Jacques-Carlier, not however to her own credit, but to a special account, namely, the Scraphino Giraldi succession fund, in which the bank as principal creditor, and as a quasi trustee for the other creditors, had a special interest, and which fund was kept at that bank in pursuance of the agreement entered into between Madame Gitaldi and the creditors of Seraphino Giraldi's succession for the special benefit of the latter. The moneys thus deposited to that account constituted trust moneys whereof the creditors of the Giraldi succession were the cestuis que trustent. Having thus blended her own private moneys with that trust fund, she could not withdraw any thing from the fund, unless at least she could show clearly that the money she might wish to draw out was her own private money, and if permitted by the bank to withdraw any thing from the fund without shewing that the amount was in truth her own private property, she could not afterwards, as against the creditors of the Giraldi succession, who are sufficiently represented by the bank, and of whom the bank was the chief creditor, be heard to say J. that her own moneys were still remaining in the bank to the credit of the fund and liable to be drawn out by her, and that the moneys which she had already withdrawn were moneys belonging to the Giraldi succession,.so as aforesaid deposited in the bank for the benefit of the creditors of the succession. This is the effect which the application of the principle involved in Pennell v. Defell would have as regards Madame Giraldi's own share of the Bosna succession moneys deposited to the credit of the Giraldi succession fund. The guiding principle of that decision, as stated in Firth v. Cartland and in Knatchbull v. Hallett (2), is that a trustee cannot assert title of his own to trust property.
A second principle involved in that case is, that if a man mixes trust funds with his own, or, which is the same thing, mixes his own moneys with moneys belonging to a trust account, the whole will be treated as trust property, except so far as he may be able clearly to distinguish what is his own-that is, the trust property comes first, and Firth v. Cartland is an authority that, as between Madame Giraldi and the Giraldi succession, the moneys withdrawn by her must be held to have been her own moneys, intentionally or mistakenly deposited to the credit of the Giraldi succession fund, which was a trust fund in which the creditors of that succession alone had any interest.
Now, Madame Giraldi, having withdrawn from the creditors' fund, with which she had mixed her own moneys, an amount far in excess of any moneys of her own deposited to the credit of that fund, cannot now, .
nor can any person in her right, assert any claim against such fund in respect of any private moneys of hers deposited. Then, as to Madame Chapdelaine and Alexis J. Girard, the contention is, that in so far as their shares are concerned, Madame Giraldi is to be regarded as their agent in receiving their moneys, and that having thus, in a fiduciary character, as regards them, received their moneys and deposited them to the credit of the Seraphino Giraldi succession fund, they can follow their moneys so deposited and recover them from the bank, which is the holder of that fund.
Pennell v Detell does not support this contention; the action in that case was not brought by the person claiming the moneys as trust funds against the bank where they had been deposited.
The claim was made in a suit duly instituted for the administration of the estate of a deceased trustee, who had deposited the funds of which he had been trustee to the credit of his own private bank account. The contention arose between the executors of a Mr. Green, who, as assignee in bankruptcy, had received large sums of money belonging to the estates of which he was assignee, which he had mixed with his own private moneys in two bank accounts which he kept, and his successor as assignee of the bankrupt estate, whose funds he had so deposited to his own private account, claiming payment of the trust funds in preference to his general creditors. Lord Justice Sir J. L. Knight Bruce premises his judgment with the statement that the bank accounts were opened and kept with Mr. Green as a private man merely without any official designation-without any title of a trust-without anything to mark that he was not interested in the amount for the time being due to him upon it. And again he says: "There is here no dis- IX.]
"pute with either of the two banking establishments;
"each is indifferent as to the contest." Proceeding upon these premises he lays down the principle which is the gist of the judgment in the case, thus: "When a trustee "pays trust money into a bank to his credit, the account
"being a simple account with himself, not marked or J. "distinguished in any other manner, the debt thus con- "stituted from the bank to him is one which, as long as
'it remains due, belongs specially to the trust as much
"as and as effeci ually as it would have done had it speci- "fically been placed by the trustee in a particular reposi- "tory, and so remained;" that is to say, if the specific debt shall be claimed on behalf of the cestuique trust, it must be deemed specifically there as between the trustee and his executors and general creditors after his death, on the one hand, and the trust on the other.
Now, if Madame Giraldi, who, it may be admitted for the puposes of this suit, received the share of
Madame Ghapdelaine and Alexis Girard in the moneys of the Bosna succession, a8 their agent, had deposited those moneys to her own private account in the bank on a claim being made by Madame Clapdelaine and
Alexis Girard against her succession after her death,
Pennell v. Defell would be. it may be admitted, a conclusive authority so long as any part of the debt constituted by such deposit remained due to her from the bank; but here the facts are totally different.
Madame Giraldi, who, in her private character only, received the moneys of Madame Ciapdelaine and Alexis
Girard, did not deposit suchmoneys to her own private account; on the contrary, she deposited them to a special account impressed with a trust for a special purpose, of which trust purpose, and the fund thus constituted, the bank Jacques Cartier were beneficiai depositaries.
No debt ever became due from that bank to Madame Giraldi. The moneys deposited by her to the credit of the Seraphino Giraldi -succession fund did not constitute a debt due from the bank L .
B to her. The moneys so deposited constituted a trust fund specially appropriated for the benefit of the . Seraphino Giraldi succession creditors, which moneys, owynne, by agreement with the creditors, were to remain in the hands of the bank as holders of the fund until the whole of the estate should be realized, and then to be divided among the creditors, of whom the bank was the largest. Madame Giraldi in her private character had no right to touch any moneys deposited to that fund, at least, not without the special consent of Mr. Cassidy and Mr. Cotte. All moneys,once they were deposited to the credit of that fund, became as much the property of the creditors as if they had been paid into the hands of a trustee for them, and as much appropriated to their benefit, and removed from all power and control of Madame Giraldi over them, as if she had paid them to a creditor of the Seraphino succession in payment of a debt due by the succession, and in any proceeding taken by Madame Chapdelaine and Alexis Girard against their trustee or agent Madame Henrietta Giraldi personally, or her succession, (which alone since her death is now accountable to them,) such appropriation to the Seraphino Giraldi succession trust fund in the bank could not be recalled, that succession would have nothing to do with such a suit. The case presented in this case is, in fact, the same as if A, as agent of B and C, had received moneys belonging to each, and having spent B's money had appropriated C's to pay B. Neither Pennell v. Deffell, or any other case, is an authority that in such a case C could recover from B the money so paid to him. Upon the merits, therefore, as well as for the imperfection in the frame of the record in not being framed as against the succession of Madame Henerietta Giraldi. who alone in her life time was in her private character