Ashley v. Ryan

after stating the case, delivered the opinion of the court.

With the question whether the sum paid was authorized by the Ohio statutes, or constituted a fee, a license, or a tax, under the Ohio laws and constitution, we are not concerned. The writ of error brings before us only the Federal question. Watson v. Mercer, 8 Pet. 88 ; Barbier v. Connolly, 113 U. S. 27 . Nor does the determination of the Federal question render it necessary to define the nature of the charge imposed ; for, whether this charge be viewed as a tax, a license^ or a fee, if its exaction violated the interstate commerce clause of the Constitution of the United States, or involved the assertion of the right of a State to exercise its powers of taxation beyond its geographical limits, it was void, whatever might be the technical character affixed to the exaction.

The purpose of the tender of the articles of consolidation to the Secretary of State was to secure to the consolidated company certain powers, immunities, and privileges which appertain to a corporation under the laws of Ohio. The rights thus sought could only be acquired by the grant of the State of Ohio, and depended for their existence upon the provisions of its laws. Without that State’s consent they could not have been procured. Revised Statutes of Ohio, sections 3239, 3382, and 33845, amended by act of April 11, 1890, 87 Ohio

That the right to be a state corporation depends solely upon the grace of the State, and is not a right inherent in the parties is settled. Thus, in California, v. Pacific Railroad Co., 127 U. S. 1 , 40, speaking through Mr. Justice Bradley, the court said: “ A franchise is a right, privilege, or power of public concern, which ought not to be exercised by private individuals at their mere will and pleasure, but should be reserved for public control and administration. . . . Under our system, their existence and disposal are under the control of the legislative department of the government, and they cannot be assumed or exercised without legislative authority.

In Home Insurance Co. v. New York, 134 U. S. 594 , 599,. through Mr. Justice Field, we said : “ The right or privilege-to be a corporation, or to do business as such body, is one generally deemed of value to the corporators, or it would not besought in such numbers as at present. It is a right or privilege-by which several individuals may unite themselves under a common name, and act as a single person with a succession of members,- without dissolution or suspension of business and with a limited individual liability. The granting of such right or privilege rests entirely in the discretion of the-State.”

These citations only reiterate principles established beyond', controversy by a series of decisions. Bank of Augusta v. Earle, 13 Pet. 519 ; Lafayette Insurance Co. v. French, 18 How. 404 ; Paul v. Virginia, 8 Wall. 168 ; Ducat v. Chicago, 10 Wall. 410 .

Nor is the question at issue affected by the fact that some of the constituent elements which entered into the consolidated company were corporations owning and operating property in another State. The power of corporations of other States to become corporations, or to constitute themselves a consolidated corporation under the Ohio statutes, and thus avail of the rights given thereby, is as completely dependent on the will of that State as is the power of its individual citizens to become a corporate body, or the power of corporations of its own creation to consolidate under its law's. Bank of Augusta v. Earle, supra, Lafayette Insurance Co. v. French, supra, Paul v. Virginia, 8 Wall. 168 , 181.

In the latter case, speaking through Mr. Justice Field, we observed: “ Now a grant of a corporate existence is a grant of special privileges to the corporators, enabling them to act

It follows from these principles that a State, in granting a corporate privilege to its own citizens, or, what is equivalent thereto, in permitting a foreign corporation to become one of the constituent elements of a consolidated corporation organized under its laws, may impose such conditions as it deems proper, and that the acceptance of the franchise in either case implies a submission to the conditions without which the franchise could not have been obtained. In Paul v. Virginia, supra, the court said, p. 181: “ Having no absolute right of recognition in other States, but depending for such recognition and the enforcement of its contracts upon their assent, it follows, as a matter of course, that such assent may be granted upon such terms and conditions as those States may think proper

In the case of the Railroad Co. v. Maryland, 21 Wall. 456 , 472, considering a grant by the State of Maryland to a railroad company of a right to build a branch from Baltimore to Washington, upon condition that the company should pay semi-annually to the State one-fifth of the amount received from the transportation of passengers over the road authorized, the court spoke as follows: “ The State could have built the road itself and charged any rate it chose, and could thus have filled the coffers of its treasury without being questioned therefor. How does the case differ, in a constitutional point of view, when it authorizes its private citizens to build the road and reserves for its own use a portion of the earnings ? We are unable to see any distinction between the two cases. In our judgment there is no solid distinction. If the State, as a consideration of the franchise, had stipulated that it should have all the passenger-xnoney, and the corporation should have only the freight for the transportation of merchandise, and the corporation had agreed to those terms, it would have been the same thing. It was simply the exercise by the State of absolute control over its own property and prerogatives.” And the contention that the charge imposed a burden upon interstate commerce was thus answered: “It may, incidentally, affect transportation, it is true; but so does evexy burden or tax imposed on corporations or persons engaged in that business. Such burdens, however, are imposed diverso vntuitu, and .in the exercise of an undoubted power. The State is conceded to possess the power to tax its corporations, and yet every tax imposed on a carrier corporation affects more or less the charges it is compelled to make upon its customers. So, the State has an undoubted power to exact a bonus for the grant of a franchise, payable in advance or in futuro; and yet that bonus will necessarily affect the charge upon the public which the donee of the franchise will

In Ducat v. Chicago, supra, the court said: “ The only difference between the statute of Virginia and that of Illinois is that the latter is more onerous to the companies than the former. The difference is in degree, not in principle.” That was a case in which an insurance company was not only required to comply with the general law of the State of Illinois, but also to pay a portion of its premium to the city of Chicago as a condition of doing business therein.

The case of Philadelphia Fire Association v. New York, 119 U. S. 110 , 119, involved the validity of a tax imposed by the State of New York on an insurance company which had been incorporated in Pennsylvania. Mr. Justice Blatchford, in delivering the opinion of the court, said: “ This Pennsylvania corporation came into the State of New York to do business by the consent of the State under this act of 1853, with a license granted for a year, and has received such license annually, to run fór a year. It is within the State for any given year under such license, and subject to the conditions prescribed by statute.. The State, having the power to exclude entirely, has the power to change the conditions of admission at any time, for the future, and to impose as a condition the payment of a new tax or a further tax as a license fee. If it imposes such license fee as a prerequisite for the future, the foreign corporation, until it pays such license fee, is not admitted within the State or within its jurisdiction. It is outside, at the threshold, seeking admission, with consent not yet given.”

Indeed, the cases illustrating this doctrine are too numerous for review, and need only be referred to. Society for Savings v. Coite, 6 Wall. 594 ; Provident Institution v. Massachusetts, 6 Wall. 611 ; Hamilton Co. v. Massachusetts, 6 Wall. 632 ; State Tax on Railway Gross Receipts, 15 Wall. 284 ; Railroad Co. v. Peniston, 18 Wall. 5 ; Delaware Railroad Tax Case, 18 Wall. 206 ; State Railroad Tax Cases, 92 U. S. 575 ; Philadelphia & Southern Steamship Co. v. Pennsylvania, 122 U. S. 326 ; California v. Pacific Railroad Co., 127 U. S. 1 ; Home

The question here is not the power of the State of Ohio to lay a charge on interstate commerce, or to prevent a foreign corporation from engaging in interstate commerce within its confines, but simply the right of the State to determine upon what conditions its laws as to the consolidation of corporations may be availed of.

Considering, as we do, that the payment of the charge was a condition imposed by the State of Ohio upon the taking of corporate being or the exercise of corporate franchises, the right to which depended solely on the will of that State, and hence that liability for the charge was entirely optional, we conclude that the exaction constituted no tax upon interstate commerce, or the right to carry on the same, or the instruments thereof, and that its enforcement involved no attempt on the part of the State to extend its taxing power beyond its territorial limits. T j + jn 7

+ 7 Judgment affirmed.