p. 575"First. Did the District Court for the District of Montana err in admitting in evidence the proof of the survey made by Ashley and the proof tending to show that the timber cut by the Montana Lumber and Manufacturing Company had been cut on what will be, when surveyed by the United States, section 5 of township 26 north, of range 34 west, Montana meridian?
"Second. Did the court err in excluding the evidence offered, on behalf of the plaintiff in error, tending to show that' the Ashley survey was erroneous?
"Third. Did the court err in instructing the jury to return a verdict for the defendants in error on the ground that the United States had failed to prove its ownership of the land from which the timber was cut?”
Mr. Marsden C. Burch, Special Assistant to the Attorney General, with whom The Solicitor General was on the brief, for the United States:
A sovereign makes its own surveys and fixes the boundaries of its grants. The Ashley survey, made under the direction of the railway company, was incompetent, and the fact that Ashley testified that it was made after the method of Government surveys did not relieve it of its vice.
A grantee cannot establish the boundaries of his grant by his own survey, nor can a court of justice do so.
Cooper v.
Roberts, 18 How. 175 ;
Cragin v. Powell, 128 U. S. 691 ;
Robinson v.
Forest, 29 California, 325;
Maguire v.
Tyler, 8 Wall. 660 , 661;
United States v. McLaughlin, 127 U. S. 428 ;
Grogan v.
Knight, 27 California, 519;
Middleton v.
Low, 30 California, 605;
Blake v.
Doherty, 5 Wheat. 358 ;
United States 'v.
Hanson, 16 Pet. 194 ;
Les Bois v. Bramell, 4 How. 449 ;
Mackey v.
Dillon, 4 How. 448 ;
Glenn v.
United States, 13 How. 256 ;
Smith v. United States, 10 Pet. 326 .
The court erred in excluding the evidence offered by the Government tending to show that the Ashley survey was erroneous and also erred in instructing the jury to return a
p. 576verdict for defendants on the ground that the Government had failed to prove its ownership of the land from which the timber was cuk
It is true while some authorities hold that the grant to the Northern Pacific Railroad Company was a grant in prcesenti, it is also true that no title can pass to any particular land until, the regular official survey has been made, for until then there is no identification of the land granted. Therefore the Government, by its proof of the fact that township 26'was Government land, sustained the allegations of its complaint, and the defendants were therefore forced to. disprove the Government’s-case if they could. This they sought to do by the same evidence which they, were to offer in support of their special plea. If, then, such evidence was incompetent, it neither disproved the Government’s case nor proved their special plea.-
• Outside of the thirteen original States of the Union we have been unable to find that any court has ever decided, or that any counsel has ever made the claim, that it' was necessary" that the. United States, being the party plaintiff, should prove the title to its land. As in England primarily all lands were property .ofThe. Crown,, so in the United States all lands outside of the said original States are presumed to belong to the United States, and any party claiming a title adverse to the Government must prove his way -from the Government by a regular chain to himself.
Northern Pacific R. R. Co. v.
Hussey, 61 Fed. Rep. 231 ;
Deseret Salt Co. -v.
Tarpey, .
142 U. S. 241 ;
United States v. Loughrey, 172 U. S. 206 .
There was no brief or appearance for defendant in error.
after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court.
In the view we take of the case the answer to the second question becomes unnecessary. The answer to the first and third depends upon thé effect of the grant to the Northern Pacific Railroad .Company by the', act of July 2, 1864.
p. 577The third section of that act contains the usual granting words: "That there be, and hereby is, granted to the 'Northern Pacific Railroad Company,’ its successors and assigns,” every alternate section of public land, not mineral, designated by odd numbers, on each side of the line of the railroad when definitely fixed.
It has been decided many times that such grants are m, prossenti, and take effect upon the sections of the land when the road is definitely located, by relation as to the date of the grant. But the survey of the land is reserved to the Government (section 6); in other words, the identification of 'the sections — whether odd or eveh — is "reserved to the Government; and by the act of July 15, 1870, making appropriations for the sundry civil expenses of the Government for the .year ending June 30, 1871, it was provided, in regard to the grant to the Northern Pacific Railroad Company, that the cost of surveying must be paid by the company, and no conveyance should be made of the lands until such cost be paid. On account of that provision it .was held in Northern Pacific Railroad Company v. Traill County, 115 U. S. 600 , that the land of a railroad company was not subject to taxation. It was said, "to secure the payment of those expenses,.-it (the Government) decided to retain the legal title in its own hands until they were paid.” See also New Orleans Pacific Railway Co. v. United States, 124 U. S. 124 . The equitable title becomes a legal title only upon the identification of the granted sections. Deseret Salt Co. v. Tarpey, 142 U. S. 241 . As expressed in Leavenworth &c. Railroad Co. v. United States, 92 U. S. 733 , 741, "They” (the words "there be and is hereby granted”) "vest a present title, . . . though a survey o'f the lands and a location of the road are necessary to give precision to it, and attach it to any particular.tract.” The right of survey is in the United States. It was error, therefore, in the trial court to admit the survey made by Ashley. It was also error to instruct the jury to return a verdict for the defendants. • Until the identification of the even and odd-numbered sections the
p. 578United Slates retained a special property, at least, in the timber growing in the township; and this was sufficient to enable it to recover the value of the timber cut and removed by the defendants. A contrary conclusion would impair the Government’s right of survey and force' it into controversies over surveys made by the railroad or its grantees." It. would enable the railroad, company or its grantees to despoil the lands of their timber and leave them denuded, and, may be worthless, to the Government. Indeed it woúld reverse the statutory grant of powers and transfer the location of the sections frpm the Government to the railroad- company. The extent - and' the effect of the power of the Government to make its own surveys is expressed and illustrated in the following cases:
Maguire v. Tyler, 8 Wall. 650 ;
Cragin v. Powell, 128 U. S. 691 ;
United States v. McLaughlin, 127 U. S. 428 ;
Blake v.
Doherty, 5 Wheat. 358 ;
Central Pacific Railroad Co. v.
Nevada, 162 U. S. 512 ;
United States v. Hanson, 16 Pet. 196 ;
Les Bois v.
Bramell, 4 How. 449 ;
Mackey v.
Dillon, 4 How. 421 ;
Glenn v. United States, 13 How. 250 ;
Smith v.
United States, 10 Pet. 326 .
There is nothing in Northern Pacific Railroad Company v. Hussey, 61 Fed. Rep. 231 , which militates with these views; In that case relief was granted by injunction against a trespasser upon unsurveyed land at the suit of the railway company, it's contingent interest being. held sufficient for that purpose; The paramount control and property in the United States was not .in question.
We, therefore, answer the first and the third question' certified by the Circuit Court of Appeals in the affirmative-.
Me. Justice Brewer concurs in the result.