p. 694court refused to permit- the record to be read in evidence for the. three following, reasons:
1. It is res inter alios acta;
2. The transcript from thé court of the state of Louisiana is certified by Stephen Pedesqlaux, deputy clerk, without any official seal. And,
8. The clerk of the district court oi the United States certi-, fies that the foregoing nine pages (meaning the. record) contain a full, faithful and true copy of the transcript from the first judicial district court of the state of Louisiana.-in the casé wherein John K. West, curator of the estate of James Neil, is plaintiff, and Domingo D’Arbel is defendant' &c. The certificate is in effect the copy of a copy.
The defendant below, to support his plea in abatement, also gave in evidence by competent witnesses, that D’Arbel had declared himself to have been a native Frenchman, and born near the borders between France and Spain ; whereupon, the plaintiffs prayed the court that if the defendant offers no other evidence than , what w_as then before, the jury, in support of his plea in abatement, the plaintiffs were entitled to the verdict, if the jury believed the plaintiffs’ evidence: which prayer the court granted.
The defendant excepted to the decisions of the court on the evidence offered by the plaintiffs, and to the ruling of the court on the prayers of the defendant; and. I,he court sealed a bill of exceptions. A judgment having been entered on the verdict, of the jury in favour of the plaintiff, the defendant prosecuted this writ of error.
The cáse was argued by Mr Kennedy and Mr .Meredith, for the plaintiff in error; and by Mr Johnson and Mr Taney, for the defendants.
For the plaintiff, in error, it was contended, upon the first exception, that the passport granted by the secretary of stale, to M. D’Arbel, was not admissible evidence.
Passports are riot- authorised by any act of congress,’ and even when they are used in' foreign countries, they are, from the comity of nations in amity with each other, admitted as prima facie evidence of what they purport. They do no more
p. 696authbrity of the act of congress ; and the proceedings of the slate court became those of the district court.
The removal of the proceedings,in such a case to a court of the United States, from a state court, is
like the removal of a
case by certiorari, which takes up the whole record, and they become matter o'f record in the court to-which they go. The term “ process,” in'the act of congress, means all the -proceedings. No new declaration is filed in the federal court, and the - court may remand the case if its removal has not been legal. Cited,
1 Wheat. 304 , 345; 3 Story on the Constitution 608 ; 1 Peters O. C. R. 44; 1 Paine 410 ;
4 Wash. C. C. R. 286.
The objection that the record was res inter alios acta, would apply to all declarations made under any circumstances. The record is not to affect the right of any one but D’Arbel,
■ and to prove the fact of his alienage. Suppose he 'had declared he was an alien, it would equally affect the rights of his copartners, and yet the right to prove such a. declaration will not be denied.
As to the -third exception, it was argued that it took from . the jury the consideration of all the evidence in the case, and directed the jury to consider the plaintiffs’ evidence only. This was an interference with the province of the jury.
Mr Johnson and Mr Taney, for the defendants in error,
contended on the first exception, that the passport was proper evidence. Documents of this description are made evidence by usage. The document is respected by foreign nations; it is granted by a high officer of the government, and it contains his official declaration of. the fact stated in it, the citizenship of the person named in it. The laws of nations recognize passports as evidence of the national character they assert.
Acts of congress recognize passports. 2 Laws U. S. 98; 3 Laws U. S. 528. The last act imposes a penalty on consuls ■for granting passports to persons not entitled to them.
The form,-manner-and evidence on which a passport shall be granted, are not regulated by any particular law, but the court will judicially.take notice-of the usage of the government to issue them. It is the universal .usage of nations to grant them, and to respect them as protections according to the law oí nations.
p. 697■ Upon the second exception, [be counsel contended that the record was'not evidence' in the case. Whether a cause shall be removed from a state to a federal court, depends on the state court, and the record of the action .of the state court, presented as it was in this- case, would not be evidence. No inquiry is made in the court of the United States .as to alienage, that is made .in the state court; a.nd.the affidavit is only to satisfy the state court of the fact alleged. The. affidavit and the. petition form, no part of the record, and do not properly go up to' the district court. ■
If this position is correct, the certificate and seal of,the district courCof.Louisiana, however regular under the act Of con-, gress, Were no proof of the affidavit. If such affidavit could be evidence, it should have been proved by the seal of the state court. As to the construction of the act of 1789 : cited, 12 Johns. 153 ; 4 Hen. and Munf. 173; 3 Mason 457.
If an affidavit is made to a plea in abatement in, the circuit court, would it be evidence in another court ? Certainly not.
But when this affidavit was made, D’Arbel was: in fact a citizen of the United States, by the operation of the cession of Louisiana, whatever may have been his opinion on the subject. He swore in the affidavit to a legal proposition, and he was in error as to his rights and relations to the United States..
But if the1 affidavit in the record is evidence against .'D’Ar-bel, the question here is, whether it shall be admitted to affect the other plaintiffs below;. It will have the- effect, to drive them from their action-in the circuit court;-and as this will be the consequence of it's admission, this court will consider it to have been properly excluded in the circuit court.
delivered^ the opinion of the Court. This case comes up on a writ of érror from the circuit court, of the Maryland district. It is an action of assumpsit. The declaration contains the common money coúnts, and also counts for goods sold and delivered, work, labourland services, and an insimul computassent.. There is an averment in the declaration, that the plaintiffs are citizens of the state of Maryland, and the defendant an alien, and subject of the king of Spain. The defendant pleaded the general issue, and also a plea in abatement, alleging that Domingo. D’Arbel, one of the plain
p. 698tiffs; was not, at the commencement of the suit, a citizen of the United States, or any one of'them; to which there was a replication, and issue thereupon joined. And by an agreement contained in the record, all errors in pleading are waived on both sidesand the cause comes here on five bills of exceptions" talcen at the trial; three of which relate to matters arising under the plea in.abatement, and the other two upon the merits.
The question arising upon the first exception, turns upon the admissibility, in evidence of the'passport given by the secretary ófstate, introduced to prove the citizenship of Domingo D’Ar-bel. The record states, that the plaintiffs, further to support the i'ss'ue on their part, on the plea in abatement to the jurisdiction of this court filed in this cause, offered in evidence •the following paper, purporting to be a passport from the secretary of state of the United States, and which was admitted to be an original paper from the department of state, signed by John Quincy Adams, then secretary of state of the United States ; and also offered evidence, that the several indorsements on safd paper, were respectively in the handwriting of the several persons signing the same ; and that the said persons were the respective officers of'the government of Mexico, as they style themselves in the said indorsements, at the periods at -which the same were made. It was also admitted, that at the date of the', said passport, said D’Arbel was then in Mexico, and that'(he said passport was applied for, and obtained for him, at his instance, and by his request, by one of-the co-plaintiffs, who transmitted the same to the said D’Arbel, into whose possession it came, and by whom- it was used. The only proof of said use being the said indorsements so made thereon. The passport is as follows: “United States of America. To all to whom these presents shall come,- greeting. I, the undersigned, secretary of state of the United States of America, hereby request all whom it may concern, to permit safely and freely to pass, Domingo D’Arbel, a citizen of the United States, and in case of need, to give him' a'll lawful aid and protection. Given under my hand, aud the impression of the seal of the department of state, at the ci ty* of Washington, the 22d day of March 1824, in the forty-eighth year of the independence of. these United States. John.Quincy Adams.”.
p. 699To the. admissibility of which paper in evidence, the defendant, by his counsel, objected; the' same not being legal or competent evidence of the American citizenship of said D’Ar-bel. But the court were of opinion, and so decided, that the said paper was legal and competent evidence of said citizenship, and the-same was admitted.
There is some diversity of opinion on the bench, with respect to the admissibility in evidence of this passport, arising^ in some measure, from-the circumstances under which the offer was made, and its connexionwith other matters which had been given-, in evidence. Upon the general and abstract question, whether the passport,.pér se, was legal and competent evidence of the fact of citizenship, we are of opinion that it was not.
There.is no Jaw of the United States, in any manner regulating the issuing of passports, or directing upon what evidence . it may be done, or declaring their legal effect. It is understood, as matter of practice, that some evidence of citizenship is required, by the secretary of state, before issuing a passport. This,- however, is entirely discretionary' with 'him.' .No inquiry is instituted by him to ascertain' the fact of citizenship, or any proceedings had, that will iri any manner bear the character of a judicial inquiry. It is a' document, which, from its nature and object, is addressed-to foreign powers; purporting only to be á request, that the bearer of it may pass safely and freely ; and is to be. considered rather in the. character of á political document, by which,the bearer is recognized, in foreign countries, as an American citizen; and which, by usage and the law of nations, is received as evidence of the fact. But. this-is a-very different light, from that in which it is to be viewed in a court, of justice, where the inquiryis, as to the fact of citizenship. It is. a mere ex parte certificate; ‘and if founded upon any evidence produced to the secretary of state, establishing the fact of citizenship, that evidence, if of a character admissible in a court of justice, ought jo be produced upon ihe trial, as higher and better evidence of the ,iact.- But whether the circuit court erred, in admitting the passport in evidence, under ithe circumstances stated in the exception, this court is divided in opinion, and the point is of course undecided.
p. 700The defendant, in ofiler to support the issue on his part, on the plea iq abatement, for the purpose of showing the adinission of the said D’Arbel, under, oafh, that he was a subject of the lung of Spain on the 8th day of May' 1817, offered in evidence a'documént or paper, purporting to be a record of certain proceedings in a cause in the district court of the state of Louisiana, in and for the first judicial district of that state, in which John K.' West, curator; Of the estate of James Niel, was plaintiff, and the said Domingo D’Arbel was defendant; which proceedings contain a petition presented to’the state, court, for the purpose of removing the cause into the district court of the United States ; and.in which petition it is alleged, that Do-? mingo D’Arbel is. a subject of his most catholic majesty'the king of Spain ; and on this ground claimed to have his cause removed into a court of the United State's, pursuant to the act of congress. To which-.petition is • annexed,¿-the oath of the said D’Arbel, that the facts' contained in the petition are true, and that he is a subject of- his most catholic majesty the king of Spain. To the admission of this. evidence, -the plaintiffs’ counsel-objected, and the court sustained the objection. The exception embraces some matters upon, which the court-expressed no opinion; and heed, not, therefore, be here noticed. So far as relates tó the admissibility of this evidence, the objection, .is stated as follows : “ the plaintiffs object to the giving in- evidence the record so offered, for the purpose for which .it is offered by the defendant. First, because, if the'jury find the facts stated in the -plaintiff’s .first prayer, then they'are bound to find a verdict for the plaintiff, on the plea in abatement. ; and secondly, because if not concluded, the said record-purports only to give a copy of a copy of the petition and affidavit alleged to have been filed iii the said case, in the said record mentioned,- and a copy of a copy of the said case, as it purports to have been in the state court; which objection the court in part sustained, and reject ed the record so offered in evidence.” In this, we think, .the court! erred. We do not perceive any well founded objection, in'any .point-of view, to the admission of this record for the purpose-'for which it was offered,'viz. to prove the declaration of Domingq.D’Arbel under oath, that be was a Spanish subject. It did not in any manner affect the rights of any other party to the judgment; and
p. 701was no more objectionable, than the dp-claratio"' or confession of D’Arbel, made in any other manner or on any other occasion. But it did not lie in the mouth of D’Arbel, to object to this evidence, as a part of the récord of the distric t court of the United States. .It was .his own act placing '■'! on the record of that court; and that record was duly authenlicated according to the act of congress. This document or record, as it is called, begins with the following caption or memorandum: “United States of America, eastern district of Louisiana, ss.. Be it remembered, that on the 24th day of May, in the' year 1817, into the district court-of the United'States in and for the then Louisiana district, came Domingo D’Arbel, by his attorneys, and filed -.the following transcript- or record, to wit.” Then follow the record and proceeding in the state court, containing the petition and affidavit of D’Arbel that he was a Spanish subject*- Thus it will be seen, that this record or proceeding. in the state court, was introduced info-the United States district court, by D’Arbel himself, as the grounds upon which he claimed a right to have his causé tried -in a court of the United States. It was therefore evidence offered by him originally in the district court of the,United States; and it does not lie with him now to say that that record was not duly.authenticated, when introduced by him into the United ■ States district court. It was not offered in evidence in the-present case, as coming directly from the state court ;-and all objections to the authentication by the. clerk of the state court, were, if well founded, misapplied. This record, as offered to. the circuit court on the trial of this cause, came from the district court of the United States, and the proceedings and oath relied upon, were then introduced by D’Arbel himself.
Whether the district court Of the United States was bound to.receive this as satisfactory evidence of the right of D’Arbel to remove the cause from the state court, is not at all material! It was received by the United States district court as sufficient, and the cause, was removed and proceeded in accordingly. But .there can be no doubt, that the United States court had a right to examine and decide for itself upon the grounds on which D’Arbel claimed to have his. cause .removed into the United States court. . That court had a right to decide upon its Own jurisdiction and remand the cause, if sufficient grounds'*
p. 702lor a removal were' not shown. It cannot surely be in the power of the state court to compel the United States court to assume jurisdiction.
The third exception on tüe part of the defendant is to the ruling of the. court upon the plaintiff’s prayer, which is as follows. The evidence having been given, as set forth in the two prior exceptions by the plaintiffs, which is.to be considered as forming á part of this exception; the defendant, further to support the issue, on the plea in abatement, gave in evidence by competent witnesses, that the said D’Arbel declared himself to have been' a native Frenchman and born near the borders between France and Spain ; and that the said D’Arbel, mentioned'in the .foregoing evidence, is the same D’Arbel mentioned in the commission aforesaid. Thereupon the plaintiffs prayed the court, that if the defendant offers ho other evidence on the issue joined on the defendant’s plea of abatement, than there is now before the jury; that then the plaintiffs are entitled to the verdict, if the jury believe the plaintiffs’ evidence." Which praye- was granted by the court.
■This prayér is rather obscurely stated, and the real point intended to be raised is not very apparent; Evidence had been; given both as to the defendant and plaintiff; and the . prayer would .seem to ask the court to instruct the jury, that the plaintiffs were entitled to the verdict if the jury believed the plaintiffs' evidence, and the court so instructed the jury. If this is the interpretation to' be given to the prayer, the instruction was erroneous. The evidence given by the defendant was taken entirely from the consideration of the •jury, and the verdict was made to depend upon their belief of the plaintiffs’ evidence. But the decision upon this exception is not very important, as it will not affect the result upon the present writ of error; and it is not likely it will arise in the same form on another trial: and this remark applies to the two remaining exceptions on the merits arising on the accounts offered in evidence, and the decision and instructions given by the court thereupon. Questions of law and fact, growing out of the prayers and instructions on this part of the case, are so blended, and' presented in süch a shape, that it is extremely difficult to decide upon them; and as the cause must go back, and as .these matters may not be presented on
p. 703another trial under the same aspect, these questions may become immaterial, and we pass them by without any decision.
The judgment of the circuit court is reversed, and the cause . sent back-with directions to issue a venire de novo.
This cause came on to be heard on the transcript of the re'-. cord from the circuit court of the United States for the,district' of Maryland, and was argued by counsel. On consideration whereof, it is adjudged and ordered by this court, that the judgment .of the said circuit court in this cause be and the same is hereby reversed, and that this cause be and the same is hereby remanded to the said circuit court, with directions to; award a 'Venire facias de novo.