Goulden v. Oliver — 442 U.S. 922

Majority

p. 922

No. 78-6067.

Goulden v. Oliver et al.

C. A. 5th C'ir. Certiorari denied.

with whom Mr. Justice Brennan joins,

dissenting.

Petitioner Dudley Dee Goulden asserts that he is an Orthodox Jew, and that the Alabama prison authorities have forced him to shave and cut his hair, which is contrary to his religious beliefs. He filed this suit under 42 U. S. C. § 1983 alleging that the prison’s grooming regulations violated his rights under the First and Fourteenth Amendments. The District Court dismissed his complaint, reasoning that the prison regulations promoted cleanliness and personal identification and that those valid objectives outweighed any religious freedom petitioner was entitled to enjoy under the Constitution. By a single-judge order and without opinion, the' United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit denied petitioner’s pro se application for leave to appeal in forma pauperis. To support these rulings, respondents rely on Brooks v. Wainwright, 428 F. 2d 652 (CA5 1970), which upheld the dismissal of a somewhat similar complaint.^[1] See also Brown v. Wainwright, 419 F. 2d 1376 (CA5 1970).

In Cruz v. Beto, 405 U. S. 319 (1972), this Court held that a complaint that challenged restrictions on an inmate’s practice of Buddhism stated a claim upon which relief could be granted. Ruling that “reasonable opportunities must be afforded to all prisoners to exercise the religious freedom guaranteed by the First and Fourteenth Amendments without fear of penalty,” id., at 322 n. 2, the Court remanded the case for a hearing on the merits. See also Cooper v. Pate, 378 U. S. 546 (1964).

1 The District Court cited three decisions involving personal lifestyle claims. Hill v. Estelle, 537 F. 2d 214 (CA5 1976); Rinehart v. Brewer, 491 F. 2d 705 (CA8 1974); Daugherty v. Reagan, 446 F. 2d 75 (CA9 1971). None of these, however, dealt with religious rights under the Free Exercise Clause. Hill did discuss Brooks.

Dissent — Blackmun J.

p. 923

Whatever validity the Fifth Circuit’s Brooks rule may once have had, it has been severely undercut by Cruz and the subsequent eases that have reaffirmed the principle that prison regulations are subject to constitutional scrutiny. See Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners’ Union, 433 U. S. 119 (1977); Bounds v. Smith, 430 U. S. 817 (1977); Procunier v. Martinez, 416 U. S. 396 (1974). Citing Cruz and Martinez, the Second Circuit has rejected Brooks and held that a prisoner challenging prison grooming regulations on free exercise grounds is entitled to a hearing on the reasonableness of the prison’s regulations. Burgin v. Henderson, 536 F. 2d 501 , 504, and n. 8 (1976). Accord: Jihaad v. Carlson, 410 F. Supp. 1132 , 1134 (ED Mich. 1976); Wright v. Raines, 1 Kan. App. 2d 494 , 500-501, 571 P. 2d 26 , 31-32 (1977), cert. denied, 435 U. S. 933 (1978). Similarly, the Eighth Circuit has rejected the contention that such regulations are valid as a matter of law, and has affirmed a decision finding violative of the Free Exercise Clause an Iowa rule that prevented an American Indian prisoner from wearing long braided hair. Teterud v. Burns, 522 F. 2d 357 , 362 (1975) (rejecting language in Proffitt v. Ciccone, 506 F. 2d 1020 (CA8 1974)). Other courts have upheld similar free exercise claims. See Wright v. Raines, 457 F. Supp. 1082 (Kan. 1978); Moskowitz v. Wilkinson, 432 F. Supp. 947 (Conn. 1977) (Orthodox Jew); Monroe v. Bombard, 422 F. Supp. 211 , 217-218 (SDNY 1976); Maguire v. Wilkinson, 405 F. Supp. 637 (Conn. 1975).

While a decision based on evidentiary proof may well result in a finding that petitioner’s religious beliefs are not sincere,^[2] or that the State’s interests are sufficient to justify the restriction imposed on petitioner’s professed religious practice, I am

2 Respondents, citing two suits in which other allegations made by petitioner proved untrue, contend that the District Court could have dismissed the complaint as an abuse of process. Respondents, however, do not challenge the facts as stated by petitioner, and do not contend that the question presented has been previously litigated. The District Court’s opinion rejects petitioner’s claim on the merits and does not question his good faith.

p. 924

not yet prepared to say that there is no set of facts that would entitle him to relief. I would permit petitioner to proceed in forma pauperis, grant the petition, vacate the order of the Court of Appeals, and remand the case with instructions to allow petitioner an adjudication on the merits of his complaint.

Cases cited

428 F. 2d 652 428 F. 2d 652 p. 922, p. 923
419 F. 2d 1376 419 F. 2d 1376 p. 922
Cruz v. Beto 405 U. S. 319 SCOTUS 1972-03-20 at 322 p. 922, p. 923
Cooper v. Pate 378 U. S. 546 SCOTUS 1964-06-22 p. 922
Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Labor Union, Inc. 433 U. S. 119 SCOTUS 1977-06-23 p. 923
Bounds v. Smith 430 U. S. 817 SCOTUS 1977-04-27 p. 923
Procunier v. Martinez 416 U. S. 396 SCOTUS 1974-04-29 p. 923
536 F. 2d 501 536 F. 2d 501 p. 923
410 F. Supp. 1132 410 F. Supp. 1132 p. 923
435 U. S. 933 435 U. S. 933 p. 923
522 F. 2d 357 522 F. 2d 357 p. 923
506 F. 2d 1020 506 F. 2d 1020 p. 923
457 F. Supp. 1082 457 F. Supp. 1082 p. 923
432 F. Supp. 947 432 F. Supp. 947 p. 923
422 F. Supp. 211 422 F. Supp. 211 p. 923
405 F. Supp. 637 405 F. Supp. 637 p. 923

Majority

Dissent — Blackmun J.

Cases cited

Statutes and regulations cited