Friedrichs et al. v. California Teachers Association et al.

FRIEDRICHS et al. v. CALIFORNIA TEACHERS

ASSOCIATION et al.

certiorari to the united states court of appeals for

the ninth circuit No. 14–915. Argued January 11, 2016—Decided March 29, 2016

Affirmed by an equally divided court.

Michael A. Carvin argued the cause for petitioners. With him on the briefs were Hashim M. Mooppan, James M. Burnham, William D . Coglianese, and Michael E . Rosman.

Edward C. DuMont, Solicitor General of California, argued the cause for respondent Kamala D. Harris , Attorney General. With him on the brief were Ms. Harris, pro se, Douglas J. Woods, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Tamar Pachter, Supervising Deputy Attorney General, Alexandra Robert Gordon, Deputy Attorney General, Aimee Feinberg and Joshua A. Klein, Deputy Solicitors General, and Kathleen Vermazen Radez and Samuel P . Siegel, Associate Deputy Solicitors General.

David C. Frederick argued the cause for the Union respondents. With him on the brief were Derek T. Ho, Jeremiah A. Collins, Alice O'Brien, Jason Walta, Lisa Powell,

Counsel

Eric A. Harrington, Laura P . Juran, Jacob F. Rukeyser , and Jeffrey B . Demain.

Solicitor General Verrilli argued the cause for the United States as amicus curiae urging affirmance. With him on the brief were Deputy Solicitor General Kneedler, John F. Bash, M. Patricia Smith, and Edward D. Sieger.*

*Briefs of amici curiae urging reversal were filed for the State of Michigan et al. by Bill Schuette, Attorney General of Michigan, Aaron D. Lind-strom, Solicitor General, and Kathryn M. Dalzell, Assistant Solicitor General, and by the Attorneys General for their respective States as follows: Luther Strange of Alabama, Mark Brnovich of Arizona, Leslie Rutledge of Arkansas, Cynthia Coffman of Colorado, Pamela Jo Bondi of Florida, Samuel S. Olens of Georgia, Lawrence G. Wasden of Idaho, Gregory F. Zoeller of Indiana, Derek Schmidt of Kansas, Douglas J. Peterson of Ne-braska, Adam Paul Laxalt of Nevada, E. Scott Pruitt of Oklahoma, Alan Wilson of South Carolina, Ken Paxton of Texas, Sean D. Reyes of Utah, Patrick Morrisey of West Virginia, and Brad Schimel of Wisconsin; for the Atlantic Legal Foundation by Martin S. Kaufman; for the Becket Fund for Religious Liberty by Eric C. Rassbach and Adèle Auxier Keim; for the Buckeye Institute for Public Policy Solutions by John J. Park, Jr.; for the Cato Institute by David B. Rivkin, Jr., Andrew M. Grossman, and Ilya Shapiro; for the Center on National Labor Policy, Inc., et al. by Michael E. Avakian; for Constitutional Law Professors et al. by Bradley A. Benbrook, Stephen M. Duvernay, Carrie Severino , and John C. Eastman; for Former California Governor Pete Wilson et al. by Theodore B. Olson and Amir C. Tayrani; for Former California State Senate Majority Leader Gloria Romero et al. by Michael J. Edney, Shannen W. Coffin, and Jill C. Maguire; for the Freedom Foundation et al. by James G. Abernathy; for the Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice, Inc., by David A. Schwarz; for the Goldwater Institute by Clint Bolick and James M. Manley; for Illinois State Workers by Joseph J. Torres; for Mackinac Center for Public Policy by Patrick J. Wright; for the Mountain States Legal Foundation by Steven J. Lechner; for Public School Teachers Who Favor School Choice by Dana Berliner and Robert Everett Johnson; for the National Federation of Independent Business Small Business Legal Center by Ronald A. Cass and Karen R. Harned; for the National Right To Work Legal Defense Foundation, Inc., by William L. Messenger and Milton L. Chappell; for the Pacific Legal Foundation et al. by Deborah J. La Fetra and Timothy Sandefur; for The Rutherford Institute by D. Alicia Hickok, Chanda A. Miller, and John W. Whitehead; for State Public Policy Research Organizations by Jeffrey M. Harris; for Daniel DiSalvo by Thomas R. McCarthy

Per Curiam.

The judgment is affirmed by an equally divided Court.

and William S. Consovoy; for Susana Martinez, Governor of New Mexico, by Jerry A. Walz; for Bruce Rauner, Governor of Illinois, et al. by David L. Applegate, Jason Barclay , and Dennis Murashko; and for Glenn J. Schworak et al. by Jill Gibson and James Huffman.

Briefs of amici curiae urging affirmance were filed for the State of New York et al. by Eric T. Schneiderman, Attorney General of New York, Barbara D. Underwood, Solicitor General, Anisha Dasgupta, Deputy Solicitor General, and Valerie Figueredo, Assistant Solicitor General, by Bruce R. Beemer, First Deputy Attorney General of Pennsylvania, and by the Attorneys General for their respective jurisdictions as follows: Craig W. Richards of Alaska, George Jepsen of Connecticut, Matthew P . Denn of Delaware, Karl A. Racine of the District of Columbia, Douglas S. Chin of Hawaii, Lisa Madigan of Illinois, Tom Miller of Iowa, Jack Conway of Kentucky, Janet T. Mills of Maine, Brian E. Frosh of Maryland, Maura Healey of Massachusetts, Lori Swanson of Minnesota, Chris Koster of Missouri, Joseph A. Foster of New Hampshire, Hector H. Balderas of New Mexico, Ellen F. Rosenblum of Oregon, Peter F. Kilmartin of Rhode Island, William H. Sorrell of Vermont, Mark R. Herring of Virginia, and Robert W. Ferguson of Washington; for Alameda Unified School District et al. by Seth P . Waxman, Bruce M. Berman, Jonathan G. Cedarbaum, Alan Schoenfeld, and Joshua Civin; for the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations et al. by Lynn K. Rhinehart, Harold C. Becker, James B. Coppess, William Lurye, and Laurence Gold; for the American Federation of Teachers et al. by Kevin K. Russell, Rhonda Weingarten, David J. Strom, Mark Richard, Risa L. Lieberwitz, and Aaron Nisenson; for the California School Employees Association by Michael R. Clancy and Christina C . Bleuler; for Cities, Counties, and Elected Officials by Samuel R . Bagenstos, Dennis J. Herrera, Christine Van Aken, Michael N . Feuer, James P . Clark, Benna Ruth Solomon, Marc P . Hansen, Joseph Martuccio, Robert Triozzi, Adam W. Loukx, Martin S. Hume, Rebecca M. Gerson, and Michael P . May; for the City of New York by Zachary W. Carter and Richard Dearing; for Constitutional Law Scholars by Andrew J. Pincus, Charles A. Rothfeld, Michael B. Kimberly, Paul W. Hughes, and Eugene R. Fidell; for Corporate Law Professors by Anna-Rose Mathieson; for the International Association of Fire Fighters by Thomas A. Woodley; for Labor Law and Labor Relations Professors by Charlotte Garden; for Los Angeles County's Department of Health Services et al. by Claire Prestel, Judith A. Scott, Nicole G. Berner, and Walter Kamiat; for the National Council on Teacher Retirement et al. by

Adam C. Toosley, John T. Shapiro, and Terrence J. Sheahan; for the National Fraternal Order of Police by Christina L. Corl and Larry H. James; for the National Women's Law Center et al. by Matthew S. Hellman, Marcia D. Greenberger, Emily J. Martin, Andrea Johnson, Wade J. Hender-son, and Lisa M. Bornstein; for the New York City Municipal Labor Committee by Alan M. Klinger and Harry Greenberg; for the Peace Officers Research Association of California et al. by Pamela S. Karlan, Jeffrey L. Fisher, Brian Wolfman, Gary M. Messing, and Gregg M. Adam; for Republican Current and Former Members of State Legislatures and Congress by Elizabeth B. Wydra, Brianne J. Gorod, and David H. Gans; for Social Scientists by Joel Rogers; for Brittany Alexander, Public School Teachers, et al. by Bruce H. Lederman; for Steve Bullock, Governor of Montana, by Deepak Gupta and Matthew W. H. Wessler; for Cynthia L. Estlund et al. by Samuel Estreicher, pro se; and for 21 Past Presidents of the D.