Norwich Transportation Co. v. Flint

Syllabus

In a suit by a passenger against a steamboat company for injuries done to him on the deck of a steamboat by the discharge of a gun by some disorderly soldiers, whom the transportation company bad taken on board and who had overpowered their sentinels, evidence was held to have been properly received as part of the res gestee that during the disturbance a person, who nppeared to be a sergeant, came into the cabin. to a person who appeared to be his superior officer, and told him, first in a less excited manner, that there was a disturbance on deck which he could not suppress, and in which he feared that some one would be hurt; and on being told to “go back and mind his orders” retired, and came again, after some time, hurriedly, and very soon after the discharge of a gun had been heard, exclaiming to the officer, “ For God . sake, como up; a man has been shot 1” The statements of the sergeant being not offered for the purpose of proving the facts stated by him, but the whole incident (including those statements) being adduced for the purpose of showing the manner in which the officers attended to their duty whilst the disturbance was going on; the fact that notice of its progress was communicated, the time that it continued, and the degree of alarm it was calculated to excite in such a person as the sergeant appeared to be.

Error to the Circuit Court for the District of Connecticut.

Flint brought an action on the case in the court below against the Norwich and New York Transportation Company, to recover damages for an injury received by him in June, 1864, while a passenger on their steamboat, running from New London to New York. The plaintiff, with othe'r

passengers from Boston, went on board of the boat at New London about eleven o’clock in the evening. A detachment of United States soldiers—sixty, perhaps, in number—were on board, and were behaving in a disorderly and riotous manner, having overpowered their sentinels and rushed to the after-deck set apart for passengers. A portion of the detachment, which had been assigned as a guard over the rest, were armed, and in the melee a musket was thrown upon the deck and discharged, and the ball entered the plaintiff’s foot, injuring him severely. His action was based on a charge of negligence on the part of the defendants in not providing against and quelling the disturbance. At the trial of the cause, after considerable evidence had been adduced tending to show the transactions which occurred on the boat at the time of the injury, the plaintiff" offered in evidence the testimony of certain passengers, who testified that after they had gone down to the dining saloon, and were at. the table, a man in military uniform, whom they supposed from the stripes on his arm to be a sergeant, came into the saloon and saluted an officer in uniform, whom they supposed to be a lieutenant, and who was sitting at the table with another officer, whom, from his uniform, they supposed to belong to the navy, and said to him, “ There is a row on deck, and I cannot suppress it;” that the officer addressed replied, “Mind your orders;” that the sergeant said, “I am afraid some oue will be hurt;” that the officer replied, “ You have your orders—mind your orders;” that the sergeant then retired, and, after a few minutes, came down again into the saloon hurriedly, very soon after the report of a gun had been heard, and said to the officer, “ For God’s sake, come up; a man has been shot!” This testimony was offered for the purpose of proving the condition of affairs on the deck, the extent and character of the disturbance, the condition and situation of the officers and • soldiers on board, and the manner in which they discharged their duty prior to and at the time when the plaintiff" received his injury, the time the disturbance continued, and the failure of the officers of the soldiers to repress the disorder, it being admitted that no

other persons on board were directly charged with the care of preserving order among them.

The defendant objected to the testimony thus offered, but the court received it. As appeared from its opinion, which had been printed for the use of this court, the court below regarded the evidence admissible: “as indicating, first, the relation of the sergeant to his officer—not as a mere declaration, but as an act of subordination; second, as showing the alarm and fright of the sergeant and a state of inind indicating need of assistance; and, finally, because the whole transaction was a part of the res gestee, in such sense that the jury might properly be permitted to hear it.” The connection of the whole testimony with the circumstances of the case, gave it, in the opinion of that court, “ credit and significance, not as the isolated act or statement of the sergeant, but as a narrative of occurrences in their connection with the principal events, receiving significance and inviting belief.”

The jury having found $10,000 for the plaintiff, and judgment being given accordingly, the transportation company brought the case here; the admission of the evidence being the only error relied on.

The evidence was inadmissible for the purpose of proving the state of affairs on deck prior to and at the time the plaintiff’ received his injury; because,

1. As evidence of the truth of the words spoken, it was mere hearsay.

2. It was not spoken in the presence and hearing of any officer of the boat. It was res inter alios acta.

3. It was not addressed to any agent or officer of the defendants.

4. It was no part of the res gestee.

5. The declarations were not admissible as part of the transaction. What is the transaction but a description of the person who said the words, and the person to whom they were addressed ? The transaction in and of itself was

nothing. Declarations of this sort having been allowed to go to the jury, and counsel to comment upon them as evidence of the condition of affairs on deck, the jury regarded it in the same way that it would have done the sworn evidence of an eye-witness; which certainly it was not.