Beck v. Kessler

— In this action for damages for personal injuries defendant appeals from an adverse judgment, entered on jury verdicts, in favor of plaintiff Florence A. Beck in the sum of $8,000 and plaintiff Mildred Pratt in the sum of $10,000.

On June 10, 1961, at about 3 a.m. plaintiffs were passengers in a taxicab en route from San Francisco to Daly City. The cab, southbound on Junípero Serra Boulevard, had stopped because of a red traffic control signal at the intersection of 19th Avenue when it was struck in the rear by an automobile driven by defendant. The weather was clear, the streets dry and the intersection well-lighted. On Junípero Serra Boulevard northbound traffic and southbound traffic were separated by a dividing strip or raised curbing. Plaintiffs’ taxicab was stopped in the center lane of three southbound traffic lanes. There was no other traffic in the immediate area at the time. After the cab had been stopped in the above position for a few seconds, plaintiffs saw bright lights approaching them from the rear and then felt the sudden impact.

Defendant, called as a witness by plaintiffs under Code of Civil Procedure section 2055, testified that between 10 p.m. and midnight on June 9, 1961, he had a couple of beers at the Avalon Ballroom in San Francisco. After that he was at a bar for a few hours during which time he had a few more beers. At the time of the accident he was going to his home in South San Francisco. He could not remember whether the intersection was well-lighted or in which traffic lane he was driving. He could see the traffic lights at the intersection but could not recall what their color was at any time during the last half block up to the time of the collision. Nor could he remember whether there were any vehicles in the immediate area other than his own and the cab. He stated that he was driving “about the speed limit ... at the regular speed, 35 miles an hour”; that he was looking through his windshield which was clear; that there was nothing to prevent his seeing the cab; that he just kept driving at the same speed until he

Applicable here are the following principles set forth in Walters v. Bank of America (1937) 9 Cal.2d 46 , 49 [ 69 P.2d 839 , 110 A.L.R. 1259 ] : “The trial court, in a proper case, may-direct a verdict in favor of a party upon whom rests the burden of proof, in this case the plaintiff. Substantially the same rules apply to directed verdicts in favor of plaintiffs as apply to such verdicts in favor of defendants. [Citations.] A directed verdict may be granted, when, disregarding conflicting evidence, and indulging every legitimate inference which may be drawn from the evidence in favor of the party against whom the verdict is directed, it can be said that there is no evidence of sufficient substantiality to support a verdict in favor of such party, if such a verdict has been rendered. [Citations.] In passing on the propriety of the trial court’s action in directing a verdict, the doctrine of scintilla of evidence has been rejected in this state. [Citation.] A motion for a directed verdict may be granted upon the motion of the plaintiff, where, upon the whole evidence, the cause of action alleged in the complaint is supported, and no substantial support is given to the defense alleged by the defendant. [Citations.] ” (See also Parker v. James Granger, Inc. (1935) 4 Cal.2d 668 , 678-679 [ 52 P.2d 226 ], cert, denied 298 U.S. 644 [ 56 S.Ct. 958 , 80 L.Ed. 1375 ] ; Transport Clearings-Bay Area v. Simmonds (1964) 226 Cal.App.2d 405 , 418 [ 38 Cal.Rptr. 116 ] ; Price v. Atchison, T. & S.F. Ry. Co. (1958) 164 Cal.App.2d 400 , 408 [ 330 P.2d 933 ].)

Paced with this settled criterion, defendant claims that his own testimony is susceptible of the inference that he was not acting negligently. He argues that “Time and again the appellate courts of this state have applied and approved the rule that whether the operator of the rear car was negligent in colliding with the car ahead presents a question of fact and not of law’’ although in fairness it must be noted that at oral argument defendant’s counsel stated to us that he did not hold to such thesis in all cases as an absolute rule of law.

The applicable rule is stated by Justice Schauer in Gray v. Brinkerhoff (1953) 41 Cal.2d 180 , 183-184 [ 258 P.2d 834 ] : “Whether or not defendant was guilty of negligence [citations] or plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence [citations] is ordinarily a question of mixed fact and law and may be determined as a matter of law only if reasonable men

On the other hand, generally speaking, there is a permissible inference of negligence from the fact of a rear-end collision requiring some explanation or excuse from the driver of the rear car. As we observed in Kramer v. Barnes, supra, 212 Cal.App.2d 440 , 448 “a collision in which a following motorist collides with the rear end of a vehicle ahead is some evidence of negligence on the part of the following motorist. (Cartmill v. Arden Farms Co., 83 Cal.App.2d 787 , 789 [ 189 P.2d 739 ] ; Banes v. Dunger, 181 Cal.App.2d 276 , 282 [ 5 Cal. Rptr. 278 ] ; Gornstein v. Priver, supra, 64 Cal.App. 249 , 255 ; Linde v. Emmick, 16 Cal.App.2d 676 ,682 [ 61 P.2d 338 ] ; Wright v. Ponitz, 44 Cal.App.2d 215 , 219 [ 112 P.2d 25 ] ; Shannon v. Thomas, 57 Cal.App.2d 187 ,194 [ 134 P.2d 522 ].) ” Particularly in those situations where the rear car has collided with a stopped or stationary vehicle, the courts have applied the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur and have held that an inference arises that the collision was caused by some negligent conduct on the part of the driver of the rear car, which the latter was thereupon required to rebut. (Persike v. Gray (1963) 215 Cal.App.2d 816 , 819-820 [ 30 Cal.Rptr. 603 ] ; Merry v. Knudsen Creamery Co. (1949) 94 Cal.App.2d 715 , 721-722 [ 211 P.2d 905 ] ; Slappey v. Schiller (1931) 116 Cal.App. 274 , 276-277 [ 2 P.2d 577 ].) However, this does not necessarily mean that in such cases only one conclusion — that of the rear driver’s negligence —can be drawn from the evidence, since the evidence may be in conflict as to how the collision occurred, or if not in conflict at least susceptible of conflicting inferences. (See Persike v. Gray, supra.) Nor does it necessarily mean that in a rear-end collision case the minds of reasonable men can never be impelled to but one conclusion, namely that the driver of the rear car was negligent.

Our task then is to determine whether, as the trial court ruled, the facts of the instant case induce but one conclusion, that of defendant’s negligence or, as defendant argues, contain redeeming characteristics to be weighed and balanced by the trier of fact. In so doing we are also cognizant of the rule applied in a number of California cases that “one

In the instant case, the evidence on the issue of negligence is not in conflict. The plain facts are that on a clear, dry night and on a well-lighted highway, presenting no involvement of other moving traffic, defendant collided with the taxicab which was lawfully stopped at the intersection and failed to stop his own car in time to avoid the collision. There is no evidence nor any claim that the cab caused the accident either by suddenly coming to a stop or by suddenly being driven into the path of defendant’s car. (See Lawson v. Lester, supra, 191 Cal.App.2d 34 , 36.) The cab was in the plain sight of defendant and he admitted that there was nothing to obstruct his view. Indeed the record is entirely barren of any evidence constituting any excuse or justification for defendant’s conduct or affording any sound reason for defendant’s failure to see the cab until he was virtually upon it. It is inconceivable that a person who is driving at the regular speed, who is looking ahead and can see the light regulating traffic at an intersection less than a block away cannot see a vehicle properly stopped at the intersection when his visibility is not impaired by any object, condition of the weather or poor lighting. Upon our inquiry at oral argument for any evidence in the record from which such excuse or justification could be validly inferred, defendant’s counsel could only point to the skid marks laid down by defendant’s car. These, however, like the collision itself, were, in the context of the testimony, further proof of negligence and provided no absolving circumstance for defendant’s conduct. In our view reasonable men can draw only one conclusion from the evidence, namely, that defendant was negligent. We therefore conclude that the trial court acted properly in directing a verdict for plaintiffs on the issue of liability.

Our foregoing analysis and conclusion are in harmony with those made in Lawson v. Lester, supra, 191 Cal.App.2d 34

Defendant relies on the following cases involving rear-end collisions, some already mentioned by us, where the particular facts were deemed insufficient to establish negligence as a matter of law: Wohlenberg v. Malcewicz, supra, 56 Cal.App.2d 508 , 513 ; Elford v. Hiltabrand, supra, 63 Cal.App.2d 65 , 74 : Turkovich v. Rowland (1951) 106 Cal.App.2d 445 , 448 [ 235 P.2d 123 ] ; Lowenthal v. Mortimer (1954) 125 Cal.App.2d 636 , 638-639 [ 270 P.2d 942 ] ; Karageozian v. Bost (1956) 139 Cal.App.2d 874 , 877-878 [ 294 P.2d 778 ] ; Aivazi v. Marcano (1960) 180 Cal.App.2d 792 , 795-796 [ 4 Cal.Rptr. 584 ] ; Oliver v. Boxley, supra, 181 Cal.App.2d 471 , 474-475 ; Burke v. Bloom (1960) 187 Cal.App.2d 155 ,161-162 [ 9 Cal.Rptr. 563 ] ; Kramer v. Barnes, supra, 212 Cal.App.2d 440 , 447 ; Persike v. Gray, supra, 215 Cal.App.2d 816 , 819-820. As we have said, in the final analysis each case must turn on its own facts. In each of the above cases there was evidence susceptible of an inference that the driver of the rear car was not negligent, thus precluding a single, compelled conclusion of negligence. In Wohlenberg, Turhovich, Lowenthdl, Karageozian, Aivazi, and Burhe the leading car stopped suddenly; in Elford, Turhovich and Aivazi there was evidence that the negligence of the driver of the leading car caused the collision; in Oliver, the leading car whose driver was looking for a freeway exit, had slowed down to 5 miles an hour and was blocked from the following car’s view until, an intervening car having suddenly pulled out, the driver of the following car saw the leading car for the first time only two car lengths ahead. In Kramer,

Finally, defendant invokes the presumption of due care (Code Civ. Proe., § 1963, subd. 4) as a vehicle for providing favorable evidence and thus creating a conflict. He claims that “His testimony discloses that something had eradicated from his memory many of the vital facts leading up to and culminating in the accident. ’ ’

As the Supreme Court recently pointed out in Brown v. Connolly (1965) 62 Cal.2d 391 , 395-396 [ 42 Cal.Rptr. 324 , 398 P.2d 596 ] : “The presumption of section 1963, subdivision 4, has been limited to certain types of situations. The basic rule is that once a person takes the stand to explain his conduct immediately prior to or at the time in question, he is no longer entitled to the presumption. (Laird v. T. W. Mather, Inc. (1958) 51 Cal.2d 210 , 221 [ 331 P.2d 617 ].) The two areas in which the presumption is now allowed are actions for wrongful death (Anthony v. Hobbie (1945) 25 Cal.2d 814 [ 155 P.2d 826 ] ; Westberg v. Willde (1939) 14 Cal.2d 360 [ 94 P.2d 590 ] ; McBaine, Cal. Evidence Manual (2nd ed. 1960) §1291, pp. 472-475 ; Witkin, Cal. Evidence (1958) §§ 65-67, pp. 84-86) and those cases where by reason of brain injury the party suffers from retrograde amnesia and cannot remember and testify concerning his conduct at and immediately before the accident (Scott v. Burke (1952) supra, 39 Cal.2d 388 [ 247 P.2d 313 ] ; Kumelauskas v. Cozzi (1959) 173 Cal.App.2d 541 [ 343 P.2d 605 ] ; McBaine, Cal. Evidence Manual, supra ; Witkin, Cal. Evidence, supra).

“A requirement for invocation of the presumption in amensia cases is that the loss of memory was induced by brain injury suffered as a result of the accident in question. (Kumelauskas v. Cozzi (1959) supra, 173 Cal.App.2d 541 , 544, and cases cited.) It has further been held that the amnesia must be genuine and that this is a question for the trier of fact to determine. (Scott v. Burke (1952) supra, at p. 393 ; Hensley v. Harris (1957) 151 Cal.App.2d 821 , 825 [ 312 P.2d 414 ].)’’

The judgment is affirmed.

Molinari, J., and Sims, J., concurred.