People v. Koerner

The defendant was indicted for the crime of murder in the first degree, the indictment charging that on the 23d day of September, 1896, he willfully and feloniously killed one Rose A. Redgate. There have been two trials. The first resulted in a conviction of the crime charged in the indictment, but on appeal the judgment was reversed and a new trial ordered, upon

The fact that Rose A. Redgate,. at the time stated in the indictment, was shot with a pistol in the hands of the defendant and, as a result of the injuries inflicted, died within a short time thereafter, is not disputed by the defendant. He, however, does claim that the evidence adduced at the trial fairly established that the shooting was accidental; that his purpose was to commit sxxicide, and in endeavoring to do so he placed the pistol against “his temple, when, to prevent his carrying oxxt his intent, the decedent grasped the pistol and it was accidentally discharged. He also claims that when the shooting took place he was laboring under such a defect of reason as not to know the nature or quality of his act or that it was wrong.

The evidence on the part of the People tended to establish that on the day the shooting took place the defendant went to the decedent’s place of business, 27 Pine street; waited until she was through with her work, between five and six o’clock in the afternoon, and then went with'her to Fourteenth street, between Sixth and Seventh avenues; that he there shot her three times, and two of the shots were fatal; that he had been acquainted xvith the decedent for some time and their relations were of an affectionate character; that at one time they were engaged to be married, but that the engagement at the time of the shooting had been broken by reason of the opposition of her father to the marriage; that by reason of this opposition the defendant had told her father if he did not marry the decedent

There was some evidence offered by the defendant to the effect that the pistol was discharged in decedent’s attempt' to wrest it from his hands, but when all this evidence is considered I do not think it established or would have justified a finding that the shooting was accidental. The number of shots, the location of the wound, the position in which the deceased fell, and other facts surrounding the shooting, indicate to the contrary and show that the pistol was intentionally discharged by the defendant.

Much evidence was given—and indeed the defendant seems to have directed his attention principally to establishing the claim—that at the time the shooting took place he was laboring under such a defect of reason as not to know the nature or quality of his act, or that what he did was wrong. The evidence bearing on this subject tended to show that some of his relatives on both sides of the family had been afflicted with insanity and confined in asylums or sanitariums; that he himself when two years of age was injured upon the head; that when he. was five years of age he had scarlet fever; when eight years of age, typhoid fever; and several years later received an injury which destroyed the sight of one eye; that for some time immediately preceding the shooting he had acted in an irrational way; that on the afternoon of the shooting he drank a pint of whisky and took forty grains of phenacetine in two twenty-grain doses; that he wrote'a letter to his landlady indicating that he intended to commit suicide, and immediately following the shooting the defendant sank to the sidewalk in an unconscious condition and so remained until after he had been taken to the hospital and restoratives applied.

At the conclusion of the trial the evidence on the part of the-People tended to establish the defendant’s guilt of the .crime charged in the indictment and required the submission of that

First, it is claimed that the defendant’s constitutional and statutory rights were invaded, in that he was denied the right of counsel to fully participate in the trial. The record will be searched in vain to find any justification for the claim. After the jury had been out a long time and had returned and requested the court to inform them whether “ One juror (can) legally and conscientiously, if he believes in one degree, for the purpose of agreeing with the other jurors, in order to bring in a verdict, change his vote from a greater to a lesser degree,” and the court had responded that the verdict of the jury should express the true and conscientious belief of each juror, the defendant’s counsel requested the court to inquire whether the jury could possibly agree upon a verdict, which the court declined to do, and defendant excepted. The ruling was proper. The jury had not in any way signified, up to this time, that they would be unable to agree, nor had they made any request to be discharged; on the contrary, the question propounded would seem to indicate that eleven of the jurors had already agreed and the twelfth had not agreed because he was in favor of a verdict in the first degree, while the others were in favor of a verdict in the second. When the court declined to make the inquiry requested by defendant’s counsel, he then moved to discharge the jury and was about to state the grounds when the court interrupted and refused to hear him, to which he ex

Next it is claimed the jury was coerced into bringing in a verdict. The case was submitted to the jury at four' p. "'m., March 9, 1898. They returned with their verdict at one-forty a. m., March twelfth—having deliberated a little over fifty-seven hours. The trial had been a long one, and while the jury had been out a considerable time it must be borne in mind'that they had not in any way intimated, until just a few hours before they finally rendered their verdict, that they could' not agree. There is absolutely nothing to indicate that the court coerced the jury into finding their verdict. All that can be' said is that they were out about fifty-seven hours and they had, a few hours before, intimated they would be unable to agree, and the court, with appropriate instructions, had requested them to make a further endeavor to reconcile their differences. This, under the circumstances, was eminently proper. Indeed how long the jury should have been kept together rested in the sound discretion of the trial court. (People v. Sheldon, 156 N. Y. 268 .) In addition to this, the reason already suggested why the jury did not sooner agree is deserving of consideration. They

It is also claimed that the court erred in striking out of its own motion and instructing the jury to disregard a portion of' the testimony given by the defendant’s witness Caroe and proceedings in connection therewith. While the witness Caroe was testifying the learned recorder discovered, or supposed he did, some one in the court room was indicating to the witness the manner in which he should answer the questions put to him, and he thereupon directed the district attorney to make an investigation of the matter by asking the witness certain questions. It undoubtedly would have been much better practice had the recorder directed the jury to retire while such questions were asked, and I am of the opinion he should have done so lest the jury might possibly be unduly influenced by the recorder’s action when they came to consider and weigh the testimony of the witness. But this was a matter resting largely in the discretion of the recorder, he taking into consideration what had occurred and the atmosphere of the trial. However, it seems to me clear from what took place the following day when the testimony was stricken out and the jury instructed, in "language so plain they could not fail to understand it, that they were to disregard what had happened the day preceding so far as the incident in question was concerned, that the defendant could not have been injured and the action of the recorder does not constitute reversible error. (People v. Smith, 180 N. Y. 125 , 19 N. Y. Crim. 13 ; People v. Buchanan, 145 id. 1, 9 N. Y. Crim. 428 ; People v. Hayes, 140 id. 484 , 9 N. Y. Crim 24 .)

Error is also claimed in the court’s permitting the People’s witness, Dr. Bayard, to testify as to what symptoms are manifested by a person shamming unconsciousness. The testimony given by this witness bearing on this subject ought to have been excluded, but it could not possibly have injured the defendant..

It is also claimed that error was committed by permitting two lay witnesses, Kenneally and Osborne, to testify as to the rationality of the defendant. Kenneally was connected with a newspaper published in the city of Hew York and to whom the •defendant a short time prior to the homicide had submitted' a poem for publication, entitled “ Pizen Pete.” He had frequently seen the defendant, but while he could not state pre•cisely the time when the article was submitted, he did remember the fact that the defendant submitted it to him at the same time, stating that he wrote it. Hnder such circumstances, it was -competent for the witness to state whether the acts and conversation of the defendant impressed him as being rational or irrational. As to the witness Osborne, he was one of the official stenographers of the Court of General Sesssions. The defend

It is further claimed that the court erred in permitting Dr. Newton to express his opinion as to the responsibility of the defendant. An examination of the record shows that Dr. Newton first testified to his own examination, as a result of which he pronounced the defendant sane. A hypothetical question was then put to him, in answer to which he again pronounced the defendant sane. Lie was then asked whether he had heard all the testimony given at the trial. This was objected to and the objection overruled and he was permitted to state that he had. He was not then asked to give an opinion based upon the testimony which he had heard, but it was whether, assuming that testimony be true, as stated in the hypothetical question as well as his own examination of the defendant, he would pronounce him sane or insane. The objection to the question, and the exception taken to the adverse ruling thereto, as to whether he had heard all the testimony given at the trial, is unavailing. A similar question was asked in People v. Osmond ( 138 N. Y. 80 ) and was held harmless. Then came the following question: “ Q. Now, assuming that testimony to be true, as I have stated in the hypothetical question, and assuming also your own examinations of this defendant, made in the Tombs, in your

Error is also alleged to have been committed in permitting Doctors Yewton and Hamilton to testify, against objection and exception, to the several examinations of the defendant made by them intermediate the homicide and the trial. Yo error was committed in this respect. The defendant did not dispute the fact that the deceased came to her death from a bullet wound received from a pistol which he held. What he claimed was that the shooting was accidental, or that he was laboring under such a defect of reason as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing. Hnder such circumstances his mental condition prior, as well as subsequent to the homicide and at the time of the trial was a proper subject for consideration by the jury, to the end that they might correctly determine whether or not his claim were true. (People v. Hoch, 150 N. Y. 291 , 11 N. Y. Crim. 488 .)

It is also claimed the court erred in permitting the witnesses

Finally it is claimed the court erred in admitting People’s Exhibits 6 arid 7—a letter and envelope—which the deceased sent to the wife of the witness Shedlock, stating in substance that her engagement to the defendant was broken. It is a little difficult, to see what bearing this had on the issue which was being tried, unless it be to establish the fact that the engagement beween the deceased and defendant was broken. But that fact was not disputed by the defendant. Ho claim was made by him to the contrary. However, I do not see how it could possibly have injured the defendant. Besides, it would seem that this same evidence was admitted on the former trial, and the Court of Appeals held that no error was committed.

In conclusion, I am satisfied from a careful consideration of the voluminous record that the defendant has had a fair trial, and no errors were committed which are sufficient to justify a. reversal of the judgment. We are required under section 542 of the Code of Criminal Procedure!to give judgment without regard to technical errors or defects, or to exceptions which do not affect the substantial rights of the parties. The decedent lost her life by the act of the defendant. There may possibly be some doubt—and the jury evidently thought there was and gave the defendant the benefit of it—as to whether his act which

I think the defendant was properly convicted and the judgment appealed from should he affirmed.

Patterson, P. J., Laughlin, Houghton and Scott, JJ., concurred.

Judgment affirmed. Order filed.