Kavanaugh v. Gould

[1] In Cassidy v. Uhlmann, 170 N. Y. 505 , 63 N. E. 554 , the opinion in part reads:

“The board of directors of a bank has the general superintendence and active management of all its concerns, and, for all practical purposes, the board is the corporation. As a general rule a board of directors must act as a board. But, since directors do not exercise a delegated authority in the sense which applies to other officers and agents, it is clear that a board of directors may delegate some of its powers to committees and individuals selected from the board. This is common practice in the management of banks as well as other corporations. Since a board of directors is composed of individuals, it is manifest that each director sustains a distinct relation, not only to his bank, but to its stockholders and depositors. For obvious reasons the duties which attach to this relation cannot be previously defined. They cannot be the same tinder all circumstances; nor can they be imposed with unvarying exactness upon all directors alike.” |

By the evidence of the plaintiff’s witness ICfech, it appears to be the custom of banks in New York City to intrust ¡to the executive committee of the board the supervision of the detail management of the corporation. The directors genérally not upon the executive committee are not supposed to have knowledge of the details of the business management of the corporation which ¡are not submitted to ■them. In other words, it is not their custom to actively search the

individual transactions m a bank that they may learn the responsibility of its debtors, 'or the nature or value of the collateral. This they intrust, first, to the executive officers of the bank, who are carefully chosen and paid for their services; seco idly, to the supervision of the executive committee of their body, which is chosen with a special reference to this duty, and to which committee must be reported weekly all the transactions of the bank.

This custom, however, does not relieve directors generally of all responsibilitjL If the by-laws require monthly meetings, they must make diligent effort to be present thereat. They must give their best .efforts to advance the interest of the corporation, both by advice and counsel and by active work on behalf of the corporation when such work may be assigned to them. If at their meetings; or otherwise, information should come to them of irregularity in the proceedings of the bank, they are bound to take steps to correct those irregularities. The law has no place for dummy directors. They are bound generally to use every effort that a prudent business man would use in supervising his own affairs, with the right, however, ordinarily to rely upon the vigilance of the executive committee to ascertain and report any irregularity or improvident acts in its management. And

[3] But plaintiff contends further that this rule of responsibility leaves the stockholder at the mercy of the executive officers of the corporation. Not at all. To the members of the executive committee is assigned the duty of detail supervision. With this duty they are bound to be on their guard to - detect any irregularities or improvident acts on the part of the executive officers. They are required to scan critically the detailed reports which are made to them by such officers. The diligence required of them is therefore greater and the rule of their liability more strict than that of a director not a member of that committee, for to them not only do the stockholders look for protection, but the directors themselves, and upon their fidelity to their commission all parties must rely. Moreover, twice each year an expert examination is made of the condition of the Trust Company, and of its results all directors must take cognizance. Plaintiff’s assertion that the directors may delegate to the executive committee their work but not their responsibility is not in accord with the law of this state. If they may delegate the work, they are not responsible for its negligent performance, and this principle .is not new to the law of trust. It is ruled in New York state that a trustee is not liable for the breach of trust of his cotrustee of which he was not cognizant, or in which he did not participate, as to property which comes lawfully into his cotrustee’s hands. He may passively allow his

“In the administration and management oí the affairs .of a trust it is usually impracticable for every trustee to actually participate in every act. To some extent they may delegate to each other the m'erely ministerial duties of management, and each is entitled to rely upon the! honesty and prudence of the other unless he has notice of facts which should lead him to distrust the other.”

In Croft v. Williams, 88 N. Y. 388 , the opinion in part reads:

“One, therefore, may sit passive and see the other receive funds of the estate, and making no objection be deemed to assent, but that does not make him responsible for what has been received. He must in some manner know and assent to the misapplication, he must be a cons mting party to the waste, or neglect some duty consequent upon his knowledge of a misapplication in-' tended or in progress. Williams v. Nixon, 2 Beav. 472. A wrong done or a duty omitted must lie at the foundation of his liability.”

In Sutherland v. Brush, 7 Johns. Ch. 22 , 11 Am. Dec. 383 , I quote from’the opinion:

“The defendant P. is not responsible for the devastavit of his coexecutor 0;, any further than he is shown to have been knowing and assenting,. at the time, to such devastavit or misapplication of the assets of the estate. Both the executors could not, with any kind of convenience, jointly possess and hold, all the assets. The assets must, from the necessity and reason of the case,' have been distributed between the executors, for the purpose of collection and security; and it appears to be settled, and! upon very just principles, that one executor shall not be chargeable with the waste of the other, except so far as he concurred therein; and that merely permitting the other to possess the assets, without going further, and concurring in the application of them, does not render him answerable for the receipts of the other.”

This rule is further held in Cocks et al. v. Haviland, 124 N. Y. 431 , 26 N. E. 976 ; Wilmerding v. McKesson, 103 N. Y. 340 , 8 N. E. 665 ; Ormiston v. Olcott, 84 N. Y. 346 .

[4] While these cases are not precisely aralogous to the case at bar, they establish the rule that among trustees there may be a division of duties arising out of the necessities of the case, and after that division one trustee is not responsible without knowledge for the acts of his cotrustee. As applied to the case at par, as far as these didivision may be made actors generally are not rectors are trustees for these stockholders, a both of duty and responsibility, and • the .dire liable for the negligence of the members of the- executive committee, as they would in effect so be if they were chargeable with all the knowledge which might be imputable to a m¡amber of the. executive committee, by reason of his supervision of the detail management of the corporation. ¡

This distinction between the diligence required of a director generally and a member of the executive committee is not only shown by the evidence in the case to be the custom in banks in the city of New York, not only does it appear to be a.reasonable and sane distinction, but it is .clearly recognized in the by-laws of this corporation itself, which were made by these very stockholders here complaining, and- afterwards ratified by the board of directors. In fact, these

“That regular minutes of the proceedings of the executive committee shall he kept, and shall always be open to the inspection of any director; and the minutes of the meeting of the preceding month shall he read at each monthly meeting of the board.”

All through the by-laws is clear evidence of a specific supervision given to the executive committee, of which the directors generally are relieved. In accordance with those provisions reports were made weekly to the executive committee of loans proposed and loans made. While the by-laws required that the minutes of the meeting of the executive committee should be before the board of directors, those minutes need not necessarily show specific loans proposed or loans, made. There is nothing in- the by-laws which would require the executive committee or any officer of the Trust Company to report to the directors any of the detail of its business management. These bylaws, therefore, recognize clearly a difference between the supervision to be assumed by members of the executive committee and members of the board of directors generally.

Finally this principle has received legislative recognition. By chapter 155 of the Laws of 1908, section 42 of the Banking Law (Consol. Laws 1909, c. 2) was made to read in substance:

“That by resolution duly recorded in the minutes of the proceedings the directors should designate an officer whose duty it should be to prepare and submit to each director or trustee at each regular meeting of the board, or to an executive committee of not less than five members of such board, a written

statement of all purchases and sales of securities, and of every discount and loan, exclusive of discounts and loans of less than one thousand dollars, made since the last regular meeting of the board, describing the collateral to the loans so made as of the date of the meeting at which such statement is submitted.”

This statement is required to contain other details also. But the significance of the provision is that the directors may by resolution provide that this detailed information should, instead of being given to the board itself, be given to an executive committee of not less than five members. The necessary inference follows that the directors not upon the executive committee are not chargeable with knowledge of detail management which need be reported only t> the executive committee. So that the distinction which I have sought to deduce from reason.and judicial authority is now made part of our statutory law.

[5] Before discussing the facts as bearing upon the liability of the respective defendants, it may be well to call attention to a general rule law charges a party by that negligence. of law which is here applicable.. That rule of guilty of negligence only with the loss caused Whatever punishment there may be aside from civil liability must rest in the criminal law. The liability of these defendants for the losses with which they have been charged can only be sustained if such losses were caused by their negligence. In Bloom v. National Savings Bank & Loan Co., 81 Hun, 120 -127, 30 N. Y. Supp. 700 , it is held that directors are liable only for loss of ijts funds attributable to their negligence. To this is cited Briggs v. Spaulding, 141 U. S. 132 , 11 Sup. Ct. 924 , 35 L. Ed. 662 ; Arthur v. Griswold, 55 N. Y. 400 . The Bloom Case is affirmed in the Court of Appeals at 152 N. Y. 115 , 46 N. E. 166 . It is unnecessary to cite further authority, as this proposition is distinctly asserted both in the opinion of the Trial Term and in the brief of respondent’s counsel, so that it stands here unquestioned. ^

[6] The makers upon the notes, for loss upon which these defendants have been charged, were all of them abundantly responsible financially. The Shipbuilding bonds which were offered as collateral were being readily sold in New York, and purchased by the leading financiers of the city at prices which made them ¡apparently abundant security for the notes for which they were collateral. The moneys loaned upon these notes were all passed directlyj to the credit of the Shipbuilding Company upon the Trust Company’s books, and went to strengthen and make secure the very bonds that were held as collateral. These underwriting agreements all of them contained the provision that they were to be void unless the $9,000,000 contemplated to be sold was entirely underwritten. So that if .there should be any failure to procure the $8,100,000, which was contemplated to be procured upon the same of this $9,000,000 of bonds, the moneys would be in the vaults of the Trust Company subject ¡to the claim of the Trust Company thereupon as a first equity. These moneys were, therefore, all retained by the Trust Company itself until the full amount should be raised, the various properties purchased and the bonds made of'substantial worth. With the responsibility of the makers of the notes conceded, and with the value of the bonds attested by

“Whereas, said Bruckman agreed to underwrite and purchase said securities subject to a loan of $149,200 with interest at five per cent, per annum, for the payment of wMch loan he was not to become personally liable, th& said Trust Company looking to the securities only for eventual payment.”

This paper between the Trust Company and Bruckman, executed upon January 27, 1903, would seem to indicate that he and the others had been promised immunity from personal liability by Dresser, or some one in his behalf, which promise was wholly unknown to Satterlee or to any other director at the time the loans were made. Satterlee in fact swears that these loans prior to October would have been provided for by the Sheldon Syndicate agreement, which will be hereafter referred to, if it were not for the known responsibility of the makers of the notes. The fact that these notes were not provided for by the Sheldon Syndicate is full corroboration of Sheldon’s attitude that he supposed the makers were individually liable thereupon. The trial court has found that these makers were negligently released. If so, the release was by directors subsequent to the resignation of both Gould and Satterlee, and the negligence was not their negligence. But without further evidence as to the ground of the release or the foundation therefor, it cannot be held that the release was itself a negligent act. Wetmore swears that the Trust Company thought it impolitic to have a suit with such a determined man as Bruckman was known to be. There might have been many reasons from a policy standpoint why the Trust Company did not wish to have litigation at that time in respect of those underwriting agreements.

But assume for the argument that the trial judge was right in finding that the contention of the makers of these notes was that they were misled by statements in this prospectus. There is no proof in the case that there was any misstatement of fact in that prospectus,

“There is no claim ot fraud here in the prospectus; no recovery asked because of fraud in the prospectus.”

This statement was unchallenged by the plaintiff’s counsel. But the trial court has held these defendants liable upon all the White and Bruckman notes, not because of any fraud in the prospectus, but on the ground that the act of publishing the prospe vires, which gave an opportunity for the makers fraud and thereby cause this loss. It is not entirely clear how the conclusion follows the premises in this syllogism.; [7] But it is immaterial, because in my judgment the premises arei inaccurate. Section 156 of the Banking Law (chapter 689 of 1892) purports to define the powers of this company. In the first subdivision of the section it is given power “to act as fiscal or transfer agent of any state, munici7 polity, body politic or corporation, in such capacity to receive and disburse money and transfer, register and countersign certificates of stock, bonds and other evidences of indebtedness]” By subdivision 9 it is given powe'r “to purchase, invest in and sell stocks, bills of exchange, bonds and mortgages and other securities” The power thus tus was an act ultra of the notes to claim authorize this Trust Company to sell its given would seem to be comprehénsive enough to Company as the fiscal agent of the Shipbuilding bonds, and with the authority to sell the bonds there must follow as a corollary thereto the right to advertise the bonds for sale. If so,, the ground upon which the trial judge has based! the defendants’ liability for the first three notes at least cannot sustain the conclusion which he has reached.

[8] ' As to the loans that were made upon these notes after the 12th of August, another and a different ground of liability is also asserted. Early after the organization of this corporation! the officers of the corporation were in the habit of buying and selling in the name of the corporation its own stock. At one time $160,000 was invested by the Trust Company in its own stock. That did not appear upon the books of the company or any of the reports to the executive committee except as so much charged to “advances.” With the duty, however, of the executive committee to supervise the detail of the corporation, such a large charge to an indefinite account called “advances” would in my judgment put them upon inquiry, so .that they were deemed to have known of. this transaction. It is not claimed that, anything was lost by this speculation. In fact, it resulted in a profit of upwards of $2,000 to the company. But it is claimed that there was such irregularity as should put the directors iipon their guard as to possible future irregularity of the officers of tile company. There was a further loan appearing upon the books in june of $800,000 to one firm, which was in excess of the amount that might lawfully be loaned to that firm. Further, there were loans made to one John W: Young, which were perhaps inadequately secured by collateral. But

[9] As to defendant Gould, then, he consented to go upon the board upon an understanding with Dresser that he should not be called upon to attend any of the meetings of the board, but would simply allow the use of his name in the directorate. This agreement was clearly beyond the authority of Dresser to make. Tjhe stockholders had a right to assume that as director he would comp¡ly with the obligations of his oath and accept and discharge the respdnsibilities of the position. Such an agreement could only be made with the stockholders themselves, and even then it is not certain that such an agreement would be effective as against a liability claimed ¡in behalf of creditors. In the case at bar it does not appear that there ajre any creditors whose rights are involved. Gould’s liability therefore must be determined as if no such agreement had been made, and he is clearly liable provided that the losses with which he has been charged are attributable to his failure to perform the duties which the law imposes upon a

[10] As to the defendant Satterlee still other questions arise. He was a member of the executive committee, and was one of the firm of Ward, Hayden & Satterlee, who were the attorneys for the Trust Company. Upon July 16th he went to Europe upon his vacation, and did not return until the 30th day of September. I have heretofore considered his liability as though he had been present at all these times and had full knowledge of all the acts of Dresser and the Republic Trust Company. The trial court has found that he had no right to take this vacation except with the permission of the board of directors, and with a provision for some one’s taking his place. The by-laws provided that with the president two members of the executive committee should constitute a quorum. Greig was a director upon the executive committee and was one of the officers of the company and at all times accessible. Prior to leaving Satterlee suggested that one Wetmore, a neighbor of Dresser’s at Oyster Bay, should be asked to fill a vacancy that existed upon that committee, apparently that he might be there during his absence. Either Wetmore or Marvin were at all times present in or near the city of New York, and at all times subject to call in case Dresser wanted a meeting of the executive committee. Whether or not they were negligent in not going to the Trust Company’s building and insisting upon a meeting of that executive committee is not a matter of concern here. Satterlee was not negligent in taking a vacation while there were members of the executive committee sufficient to constitute a quorum at all times during the summer within reach. One of the members of his firm was at all

[11] There is one other item of liability found as against both of these defendants which is not included in the§e notes. Shortly after the 25th day of September, Dresser went to Europe and did not return until some time in November. Upon thel 25th day of September he withdrew from the Trust Company the sum of $35,000. This was taken without security. It is spoken of as loan to Dresser by the trial judge; but, if it was a loan to Dresser, it was a, loan by Dresser to himself. It was not submitted to the executive committee, and no knowledge thereof was given to any-member either of the executive committee or of the- board of directors. In Scott v. Depeyster, 1 Edw. Ch. 541 , the court, in discussing an act pf embezzlement of the secretary and treasurer of the company and the liability of the directors therefor, used the following language:

“If this be so, then no blame can attach to the president or any of the directors in respect to the mere act of embezzlement or the commission of forgery in altering checks. The funds were not needlessly or improperly exposed by them to the temptation of such crimes. They had a right to repose some confidence in the secretary of the company. His station required

it of them; at least, so far as to allow him to receive whatever money was paid at their office in the course of business and have charge of such money for the purpose of depositing it in bank, and also to the extent of filling up checks to be signed by the president and himself and to be used and applied to the purposes for which the same were intended. All these were matters within the scope of the secretary’s duties, and which, according to established usage, belonged to him to perform. He was therefore intrusted with them, and it was in these alone he betrayed his trust. How, then, can the president and directors be liable for the act of embezzlement or forgery merely? There was no collusion, and, thus far, no want of care or prudence on their part. I know of no law which requires the president or directors of any moneyed institution to adopt a system of espionage in relation to their secretary or cashier or any subordinate agent or to set a watch upon all their actions. While engaged in the performance of the general duties of their station, they must be supposed to act honestly until the contrary appears; and the law does not require their employers to entertain jealousies and suspicions without some apparent reason. Should any circumstance transpire to awaken a just suspicion of their want of integrity and it be suffered to pass unheeded, a different rule would prevail if a loss ensued. But, without some fault on the part of the directors, amounting either to negligence or fraud, they cannot be liable.”

_ Whatever irregularities Dresser had been guilty of prior to this time, none of them involved any personal dishonesty. Wherein he had acted contrary to law or prudence was for the supposed benefit of the Trust Company of which he was president. None of his acts had given cause to any oí the directors to suspect that he would purposely appropriate to himself any sum whatever. It was discovered some time in October, while Dresser was in Europe. It does not appear what this was taken for. It must be deemed in the nature of a misappropriation by Dresser, although there must have been some purpose which caused its taking to be condoned by the stockholders of the company, who re-elected him thereafter with full knowledge of his act. The only course which the directors could take would "be to sue Dresser therefor. But before he returned and could be sued Gould had resigned as director, and after he returned Satterlee both advised its suit and sought to compel his resignation, in both of which he was overruled by the directors. There certainly can be no negligence in permitting the misappropriation, which was done without their knowledge or consent. There can be no negligence in Gould, because of his resignation before the return of Dresser, when suit could have been brought. _ The diligence of Satterlee was attested by his effort to have the liability sued upon, and by his effort to have Dresser ousted from the presidency. So for that loss I do not find any ground for liability of either of these defendants. These views lead to a reversal of this judgment as to defendants appellant upon law and fact and the granting of a new trial, with costs to each appellant to abide the event of the action, which judgment I recommend.

Judgment reversed on law and facts, and new trial granted, with costs to each appellant- to abide event of the action. All concur,— BETTS, J., in the result—except KELLOGG, J., who writes for modification and affirmance.

(dissenting). A brief statement of some of the facts relating to this Trust. Company, the manner in which it

This company began business March 31, 1902, and about the 1st of October, 1902, was discovered to be upon the brink of ruin by reason of the illegal and reckless manner in which its business had been transacted. |

The defendant Satterlee states his introduction into the business as follows:

“Dresser told me that he had heard of this wholja matter from Mr. Greig, and they had started to get up a trust company, and some Texas parties were interested and had an option I think or a claim to Subscribe to a considerable portion of this trust company stock. * « * He wanted me to become interested in it with him as his counsel, and to guide him particularly at that time in the relations of Mr. Greig and himself with the, Texas people, who had been in the matter from its inception arjd who wanted to get an increasingly large share and take an increasingly prominent part in the transaction.” j

Dresser had no knowledge or experience in financial institutions, nor does it appear that any of the officers or any one of the other six members of the executive committee- had any practical experience as executive or financial^ men in any moneyed institution.

The by-laws provided:

“That the affairs of the company shall be managed and its corporate powers exercised by a board of twenty-five directors.”

And also:

“The executive committee shall exercise all the powers of the board of directors, when the board is not in session, except the power to fill a vacancy in the board. The assent of the executive committee shall be required for all investments that shall be made of the funds of tie company in stocks, personal securities and bonds and mortgages, and for the disposal of the same, and of the funds of all special trusts; and no guardianship, receivership, or other special trusts shall be accepted by the president without either their approbation and concurrence or that of the board of directors, unless it be ■ordered by a court or surrogate having jurisdiction.) The executive committee may, in its discretion, authorize the president generally to make investments in such securities as are authorized by the charted of the company, and to ■dispose of such securities without previously consulting as to details, with the ■committee; but all such transactions shall be reported to the committee at its next meeting.”

Satterlee, at the request of Dresser, purchased 10 shares of stock to -qualify as a director and become a director, á member of the executive committee, and counsel for the company; | his law firm being designated as official counsel. The defendant Gould also became a director at the request of Dresser, but with the distinct understanding that he was to pay no attention to the affairs of the company or attend the board meetings, and all he did as a director was to qualify and later ■to resign. This committee was to meet weekly and subject to call by

The limitations imposed upon a trust company are well considered in Gause v. Commonwealth Trust Company of New York, 196 N. Y. 134 , 89 N. E. 476 , 24 L. R. A. (N. S.) 967 .

The executive committee held its meetings weekly until July 22, 1902. The next meeting was September 9th, at which Whitmore, Greig, and Dresser only were present, and the only business done was adopting a resolution authorizing the president to make or guarantee loans in the company’s name when necessary. The object of this resolution was to permit the Trust Company to guarantee the loans of Dresser and Nixon hereafter referred to, which were made in order to float the Shipbuilding scheme. Although regular notices for committee meetings were sent out weekly, the members did not attend.

A proper banking practice required the submission of all loans to the executive committee for its approval at the next meeting following the loan, and this practice was not followed. On May 27th the committee instructed the secretary to present to it at every meeting a complete list of all loans and collateral not previously passed upon, and to merge the reports of both of its offices in one. Apparently the first report of loans was made to the committee on June 17th when the minutes show the loans from the beginning were submitted and approved. The next was on July 8th. Satterlee, though present at both these meetings, apparently gave no attention to or took any interest in the reports and was negligent in not understanding the details of loans made prior to that time.

Immediately after the business was organized, questionable transactions took place, and it became early apparent that the president did not understand the law of banking, or that, if he did, he had no regard for the law. From April 11th, until the crisis, the company was buying and selling its own stock through brokers and otherwise, the amounts paid appearing upon the books as advances, and, when the first semiannual statement was required about June 30th, the president gave his check for the amount and the account was canceled. There were no funds to pay the check, and it remained in the cash items. Afterward the amount was returned to advances. There was no loss; in fact, the company made a profit by these illegal transactions.

On June 23d $700 was loaned to J. W. Young on collateral which was merely an agreement to transfer to the company certain stock in a company thereafter to be formed. On June 24th $5,000 was loaned to Young, a man of little financial and personal standing, secured by an order on Louis Nixon for Shipbuilding bonds, not then issued, of a company which had at that time no property. On June 12th, on similar security, it loaned him $2,500 while he was not in this country. On June 30th $800,000 was loaned for 30 days to a firm on Shipbuilding bonds. This was an excessive loan prohibited by the banking law; the capital and surplus of the company being $1,500,-000. On June 26th $50,000 was loaned to Reiss, Dresser’s partner, for which, on October 27th, the note of Engel, an employe of the firm, was taken, secured by Shipbuilding collateral. No actual loss

The losses to the company came from its participation in underwriting the bonds of the United States Shipbuilding Company, of which Dresser was vice president and director. Briefly, the Shipbuilding Company’s scheme was to purchase the plants! of certain other companies, payment for which was to be made at the Trust Company on August 11th. It involved the underwriting of j$9,000,000 of bonds at 90, with bonuses of 25 per cent, of preferred and 25 per cent, of common stock. The property so acquired was to be the security for the bonds, which were to be issued after August 11th, when the Shipbuilding Company should have acquired title to the mortgaged property. Dresser and probably the other directors had no confidence in the character or financial standing of Young, the promoter of the Shipbuilding Company, and at first Dresser refused ;o meet him, but finally did so at the request of another Trust Company and its counsel, who also were interested with Young in the formation of the Shipbuilding Company. Dresser was led to believe that oiie-third of the underwriting had been subscribed in Paris, one-third in London, and the other one-third was to be underwritten in New York.

He undertook to obtain the $3,000,000 subsc iption allotted to New York. If he succeeded, his company was to be bankers for the Shipbuilding Company and otherwise act for it, and was to receive the compensation mentioned hereafter. If he did not succeed, his company was to receive nothing and was not otherwise to act for it. A prospectus of the Shipbuilding Company was issued which named the Trust Company of the Republic as the party to receive applications for bonds, and gave notice that said Trust Conjipany would open subscription books for public subscription, and reserved to the Trust Company the right to give preferential allotments to the shipbuilding trade and its employés. Dresser secured the subscriptions to the underwriting as agreed, and, when he learned that the London underwriting had failed, he agreed with the promoter and the representative of the other Trust Company that he would do all he could to obtain $1,700,000 of that underwriting, with the understanding that the remainder of the amount allotted to London would be arranged for with the Paris underwriting. With some help from his executive committee and directors, he secured his share qf the London subscription, in a large part from his own directors a¡nd officials, and thereafter, ,from June 14th to June 19th, the Trust Company advertised the ,bonds in the New York papers for public sale at 97 y2. The advertisement recited that the Trust Company was authorized to receive subscriptions, ■ that the entire issue of $9,000,000 had been underwritten, and that “the Trust Company of the Republic reserves the right to close the subscription at any time and to reject any and all subscriptions.” Notwithstanding this advertisement, it was not then definitely known that the balance of the London subscription would actually be taken in Paris, and the real status oi the Paris subscription was not understood. The Trust Company actually received $476,755 tram the public sale, and Dresser had obtained subscriptions for $4,-700.000 of bonds.

The defendant Satterlee went abroad on his vacation July 16th and returned September 29th. Soon after he returned, he discovered the large loan made to Nixon and the large guaranties made by .the company. He and others became alarmed, and undoubtedly his able and effective management, with the assistance of his friends, saved the Trust Company from failure. By the formation of a syndicate which, in consideration of certain Shipbuilding bonds, settled the Nixon and Dresser notes and the company’s guaranty, it resulted that the company sustained no loss therefrom.

The evidence of Dresser indicates that he was acting in the Shipbuilding underwriting for the Trust Company and not for himself, and that up to the time that Satterlee went abroad the executive committee was informed by him in a general way what was being done in the matter. In the minutes of the committee appears May 20th: “The President made an informal report on the Shipbuilding Combine.” May 27th: “The Shipbuilding underwriting proposition was discussed.” At this latter meeting he stated what was desired of the company and the benefits which would come to it. It is significant that the first record shows an informal report on the combine; the next the underwriting proposition was discussed. On May 27th, on the stationery of the company, we find a communication to Dresser fr.om his vice president, stating the understanding between him and the representatives of the other Trust Company that the latter was to act as trustee for the bonds, etc., and the Trust Company of the Republic to act (a) as issuing bankers and perform all the duties incidental thereto, (b) advertise prospectus, (c) receive all subscriptions, (d) pay the necessary cash to the trustees to check the titles and commitments thereto, (e) deliver all bonds and shares to the subscribers, (f) registrar and transfer agent of the shares of the company, and concluded by asking his opinion as to what price the public issue should be made, how long they should be advertised before the books were opened, and how long the books should remain open. The defendant Satterlee does not remember this communication; but there was no other Shipbuilding proposition up for consideration, and I am satisfied that Dresser read or stated the contents of this memorandum at this meeting in the defendant’s presence. The min

“When I saw the advertisement I knew that this transaction involved the raising of several millions of dollars. I knew that t efore the advertisement, but I did not know the full volume. I was told by Dresser—that is, I heard a statement he made at the meeting of May 27th of the executive committee in which it appeared that there were to be several millions of bonds and several millions of stock—but I did not know the exact amount until I saw the advertisement. I knew that the putting through rif that transaction ought to involve the supervision of counsel at practically every step. I do not think I made any investigation of the details of the transaction before I went away. I had no conversation with either of the members of the firm of Ward, Hayden & Satterlee with respect to overseeing the legal side of the transaction.”

On July 12th, just before sailing, he wrote Dresser:

“Let me again congratulate you upon the splendid success you are making. You have already exceeded the confident expectations of your friends and have made a record for the company that I believe is unique. My only word of caution would be to ‘go slow’ and take it as easily as possible during the summer and not overwork yourself, as we ought to have a very busy and prosperous winter ahead of us.” •

From his testimony it does not appear that he had much knowledge of the affairs of the company, and it does not indicate that he knew of anything which would justify him in characterizing the success of the company as unique except the large benefit ¡it expected from this underwriting. He admits that Dresser stated ¡at an executive committee meeting that the company would .receive jts compensation within the month and it would go into the next rdport. If none of the committee knew what compensation the company was to receive, it is strange that inquiry was not then made. The cojmpany had not otherwise earned anything; its service as banker had not begun.

It is not contended that under ordinary circumstances a director or a member of an executive committee of a‘ trust company, who is absent from meetings for a reasonable time upon his own busi

It is unnecessary to inquire whether Dresser and the directors and executive committee, who acted in part with him during Satterlee’s absence, took a wise or unwise course to relieve the company from the emergency in which it had previously been placed. He evidently did what he thought best. Many of his acts were illegal and unauthorized; but it was represented to him that there was simply a delay in the money from Paris, and he felt that the expedients which he adopted were mere makeshifts to tide over a few days. The persons who negligently permitted the Trust Company to get involved in this matter under the circumstances are hardly in a position to complain because Dresser acted unwisely or illegally, or to deny that their negligence makes them civilly responsible for such acts.

The defendant Gould agreed to be and was a dummy director. If the others had followed his example, Dresser would have been the board of directors and the executive committee. Gould left everything to his discretion and judgment and is fairly responsible for it.

About September 25th Dresser deemed it necessary to go to Paris to try and realize upon the underwriting theije, and just before he departed he took from the company, with the consent of the vice president and the clerk who had charge of issuing checks, $35,000. Their acts can only be explained upon the supposition that they felt it was money taken to be used in the company’s business with reference to the Paris underwriting. Apparently it was not so used. When he arrived at Paris he did not find any substantial underwriting there, and the alleged Paris underwriting did not justify any expenditure. This money was never repaid to the company and is one of the items of damages which have been allowed against the defendants.. In my judgment it was properly allowed.

When Dresser was obtaining the part of the so-called London underwriting which fell to him, the day when the underwriting must be closed was at hand and the subscriptions riot entirely taken, and he" called upon members of the executive committee to assist him. One of the last subscriptions obtained was that of Bruckman, who later gave his notes for a part of his underwriting, secured by the underwriting agreement or the bonds called for by it. After the syndicate had relieved the company, Bruckman refused to pay his notes, claiming that he had been deceived. An] adjustment was made after Gould had resigned as a director and Satterlee as a director and member of the executive committee. The agreement of adjustment recited:

“That Bruckman agreed to underwrite and purchase the securities subject to a loan of $249,200, with interest at five per cent., for the repayment of which loan he was not to become personally liable, the Trust Company to look to the securities only for the eventual payment thereof.”

The Trust Company then accepted the bonds and relieved him from liability upon his notes. Satterlee was attorney for the company in making the adjustment and approved of and advised the execution of this agreement. We cannot assume that the ¡recital was false. It related to the terms of a subscription taken by]the company while he was a member of its executive committee. It is therefore some evidence against him that the Bruckman note never had any validity and that the company was negligent in advancing money upon it. Bruckman all the while was financially responsible, and, aside from this recital in the agreement, there is no evidence giving any good reason why his note was not collectible, against the defendant Gould. This recital is not evidence

These conclusions lead to the result that the judgment should be modified as to the defendant Gould by striking out all damages except with reference to the $35,000 item, and as to the defendant Satterlee by striking out all damages except those relating to the $35,000 item and the Bruckman notes, and as so modified affirmed,, without costs.