People v. Steeplechase Park Co.

tained the public right of passage along the foreshore, and directed the removal of parts of the structures complained of (or a change of the structures or those supports which interfered with public access), with the exception of the jetty at the west line of the park (No. 1 above), the pier with the iron pipe (No. 3), and the boardwalk upon piles, known as Tilyou’s Walk (No. 4 above), provided they are modified so as to let people pass beneath. 82 Misc. Rep. 247 , 143 N. Y. Supp. 503 . Only the Steeplechase Park interests and Emilie Huber have appealed.

[1] The legal right of access to the foreshore is contested, as to the Huber patent, which ran to Huber without qualification. This patent was applied for and granted to her as owner of the adjacent uplands. The learned justice at Special Term held that such a grant, though unqualified in form, not being to promote commerce of the state, must be deemed subject by necessary implication to the right of the public. It was clearly beyond the power of the commissioners of the land office to convey an unqualified fee-of such foreshore for private purposes. Matter of Long Sault Developing Co., 212 N. Y. 1 , 105 N. E. 849 ; Coxe v. State, 144 N. Y. 396 , 406, 39 N. E. 400 . There was no question as to the other grants, since they are in terms expressed to be subject to the rights of the public, by a restriction similar to that in Barnes v. Midland R. R. Terminal Co., 193 N. Y. 378 , 385, 85 N. E. 1093 , 127 Am. St. Rep. 962 .

The court below had to pass on intricate questions of fact, and details of measurement, as well as to alleged fluctuation in the shore lines. The structures in question were erected at different times since the year 1904. Both appellants- sought to have the court find, as facts, that both before and since the structures had been put up the sea had encroached violently, taking away the shore by avulsion. But in view of all the testimony the learned court was justified in declining these requests.

Upon this appeal, an issue is raised as to the correct line of mean high water. The proof of this datum has been misconceived. At the Battery in Manhattan there has long been kept a daily tidal record. Its average has been established; from this datum, or that at the Navy Yard, are computed all surveys of elevations, whether out on Long Island or up the state. The corresponding levels are indicated by bench marks, one of which is cut in the middle bridge pier in Coney Island creek. Erom this, levels are run to fix the equivalent height along the beach, with a rise at Coney Island of two-tenths of an inch, the difference of tidal elevation at Coney Island above that at the Battery. When this horizontal plane has been extended to the actual shore, the contour lines of high and low water are surveyed laterally and staked out along the beach, regardless of what may then have been the accidental state of the water. These high and low water lines are shown by diagrams, but the dates upon the diagrams are of the times of the above surveys, not when the water level was determined.

[2] It is argued that these structures are not purprestures or nuisances. The term “purpresture” is not limited to an encroachment on a public right of way on land, but applies to any invasion of sovereign rights along the seashore or the waters fronting same. Weber v. Harbor Commissioners, 18 Wall. 57 , 65, 21 L. Ed. 798 . A reading of all

the proofs, with a study of the exhibits, confirms the conclusions that these structures did so invade and block the public rights of free passage.

[3] We cannot hold that the state is estopped by suffering any of these structures to be built without protest. 16 Cyc. 780. Here is an instance of the agents of the state, the commissioners of the land office, in the Huber grant, exceeding their authority; and this is not cured by subsequent inaction by state officials. The judgment restores the public right of shore access, with as little interference with the Steeplechase structures as the circumstances admit. The Huber jetty is allowed as a guard to the beach, to protect defendant’s land from the inroads of the sea (Rex v. Commissioners of Sewers of Pagham, 8 Barn. & Cress. 355), provided means are taken to let the public go over or around it. So as to the pier, if its pipe shall be raised to a height of 7 feet, to leave sufficient headroom to pass beneath. The Tilyou boardwalk is also to remain, notwithstanding its long projection above the foreshore, if defendants provide below it suitable means for public passage.

[4] In the absence of any appeal by the Attorney General, we cannot consider his exceptions to the conclusions of law, and to the related portions of the decree, which permit defendants to keep the Huber jetty and the Tilyou boardwalk. The settled rule that an appellee, who takes no cross-appeal, can be heard only in support of the decree, is one necessary for the court, and essential to advise the opposing litigants. Burns v. Burns, 190 N. Y. 211 , 82 N. E. 1107 ; St. John v. Andrews Institute, 192 N. Y. 382 , 85 N. E. 143 . It still binds this court, notwithstanding the enlargement of its powers to make new findings and to render final decrees, conferred by Laws of 1912, c. 380, amending section 1317, Code of Civil Procedure.

I advise, therefore, to affirm the judgment, with costs. All concur.