United States Illuminating Co. v. Grant

The circumstances relating to the organization of the United States Illuminating Company and the Brush Electric Illuminating Company are so similar that it is not necessary in the statement of facts to refer distinctly to those two plaintiffs. The Mount Morris Electric Light Company stands in a different position in some respects which will be hereafter noticed. The two plaintiffs first above mentioned seem to have been organized, pursuant to the laws of this state, for the purpose of generating and distributing through New York city electric currents for light and power. They were authorized to erect and maintain wires, poles and other fixtures incidental to their business over and upon the streets of the city upon obtaining the consent of the municipal authorities. This consent was given by resolution of the common council, and pursuant to this authority a large amount of money has been invested in the business for the prosecution of which these companies were organized, and poles have been erected and wires strung by virtue of their charters, and with the permission and under the protection of the municipal authorities.

In 1884 the first act of the legislature was passed looking to a suppression of the evil which had been recognized of allowing telephonic and electrical companies to occupy those parts of the streets which are above ground for their poles and wires. By this act it was provided that all telegraphic, telephonic and electric light wires and cables used in any incorporated city of this state, having a population of 500,000 or over, should, thereafter be placed under the surface of the streets and avenues of said cities, and that this should take place on or before the 1st day of November, 1885. And it was further provided that in case the owners of the property should fail to comply with the provisions of the act, the local governments of the said cities were directed to remove without delay all telegraphic, electric light and other wires, cables and poles wherever found above ground within the corporate limits of said cities.

Compliance with this act having been recognized as an impossibility, in 1885 another act was passed entitled, “ An act providing for placing electrical conductors under ground in cities of this state, and for commissioners of electrical subways.” Laws of 1885, chap. 499. By this act, within twenty days after the passage thereof in cities having a population exceeding 1,000,000, according to the last census, the mayor, comptroller and commissioner of public works of such cities were authorized and directed to ■appoint three disinterested persons, residents of the respective cities, for which they shall be appointed, to be a board of commissioners of electrical subways. This board was charged with the responsibility of enforcing the provisions of the act hereinbefore

By the act of 1885 it was made the duty of the subway commissioners to cause to be removed from the surface and put, maintained and operated underground, wherever practical, all electric wires or cables used in the business of any electrical company. Provision was also made for such companies constructing conduits under ground after approval of their plans by the board of subways. It was further provided that said subway board should carefully investigate any and all methods proposed by any such company.

It further provided that if no suitable plan was proposed or in use within sixty days after the passage of the act, it should be the duty of the board to cause to be devised and made ready for use such a general plan as would meet the requirements of said acts, and that the board should have full authority to compel all companies operating electric wires to use the subways so prepared. In the suburbs or along the streets, avenues or other highways in sparsely inhabited or unoccupied portions of any such city, the public interests not requiring the electrical conductors to be placed underground, and whenever in any other locality in any such city it was deemed by said board to be for any cause impracticable to construct and successfully operate underground the electrical conductors required by any such company, it should be the duty of said board to examine and grant the application of any such company for permission to deviate from an underground system, but the board should not grant any such permission unless satisfied upon such investigation that such a permission should for one or the other reasons thereinbefore stated be granted, and that it would not interfere with the successful working of underground conductors elsewhere in said city. It was provided that such permit should be held and construed to authorize the construction and maintenance of the lines of conductors therein provided for as and where prescribed by the board. It was also made the duty of. the board in granting such permits to bear in mind the purpose and policy of the act, which was to convert the overhead systems in use in said cities to underground systems as soon as possible without impairing the efficiency of their service.

The act further provided that the work of constructing every line of conductors authorized by any such permit should be subject to the rules and regulations, not inconsistent therewith', prescribed or to be prescribed by the local authorities having control of the streets, avenues or other highways in such city; and that every such permit should specify the location of the structures to be erected and used for sustaining the electrical conductors, and should give the general dimensions thereof. The act further provided by § 5 that whenever said commissioners, in carrying out the provisions of the act, should permit any aerial electrical wires or cables to be erected, it should be the duty of the board to designate in such permit the route and location thereof, and to prescribe and regulate the height at which such wires or cables should.

In 1887 another act was passed, entitled “An act in relation to electrical conductors in the city of New York,” Laws of 1887, chap. 716, by which, after its passage, the Board of Commissioners of Electrical Subways in and for the city of New York heretofore appointed, together with the mayor of said city, for the time being,, were constituted a Board of Electrical Control in and for the city of New York, and upon this board were conferred all the powers and duties imposed by the act of 1885 upon the commissioners appointed thereunder, and all the powers and duties theretofore by any law conferred or imposed upon the local authorities of said cities, or any of them, in respect to or affecting the placing, erecting, construction, suspension, maintenance, use, regulation or control of any electrical conductors or conduits or subways for electrical conductors in said cities. And it was provided that such powers should thereafter be exclusively exercised . or performed by said Board of Electrical Control.

By the third section it was provided that whenever in the opinion of the board in any street or locality of any city a sufficient construction of conduits or subways underground should be made ready under the provisions of the act, it should notify the owners of the electrical conductors above ground in such street or locality to make such electrical connections in said street or through other streets, localities, or parts of the city with such underground conduits or subways, and to remove poles, wires, &c., above ground and their supporting fixtures or other devices, within ninety days after notice to such effect should be given. This provision was-made a police regulation in and for the city of New York, and in case it was not complied with it was made the duty of the commissioner of public works to cause the same to be removed forthwith by the bureau of incumbrances upon the written order of the-mayor of said city to that effect.

The fourth section is as follows:

Section 4. It shall be unlawful, after the passage of this act, for any corporation or individual to take up the pavements of the streets of said city, or to excavate in any of said streets for the-purpose of laying underground any electrical conductors, unless a permit, in writing, therefor shall have been first obtained from the-said board or its predecessors, and except with such permission no electrical conductors, poles or other fixtures or devices therefor, nor any wires shall hereafter be continued, constructed, erected or maintained, or strung above ground in any part of said city. The said board of electrical control may establish, and from time to time may alter, add to or amend, all proper and necessary rules, regulations and provisions for the manner of use and management of the electrical conductors, and of the conduits or subways therefor constructed or contemplated under the provisions of this act, or of any act herein mentioned.

Under the authority conferred by the acts above mentioned, the plaintiff, The Mount Morris Electric Light Company, has constructed its plant pursuant to the rules and regulations and under the supervision of the Board of Electrical Control. Various accidents having occurred, the attention of the board and the city authorities was called to the condition of the electric wires which were being used by those companies, and it being found that many of these wires were dangerous because of their want of proper insulation the Board of Electrical Control, on the 9th of October, 1889, passed the following resolution:

“ Resolved, that notice be given to all companies operating and furnishing electric lights on overhead wires in the city of New York to discontinue the use of such overhead wires until such time as said wires shall be certified by the expert of this board to be in proper and safe condition.”

The companies plaintiff were a day or two thereafter notified to shut off the electric currents from their wires, and on the 12th of October the mayor issued a direction to the commissioner of public works in the following language:

“Sir: — You are hereby directed to remove all the electric light wires in the city of New York which are at this date improperly insulated, and which are now in position in violation of the rules and regulations of the Board of Electrical Control. The wires to be removed under this order to be designated by the expert of the board.” Subsequent to the receipt of this order the commissioner of public works proceeded to take down wires claimed to be imperfectly insulated and therefore dangerous to human life. It is claimed upon the part of the plaintiffs that the said commissioner in the carrying out of this work not only removed wires where there was a break in the insulation, but also a number of blocks of wires all of which were of good quality, proper insulation and in perfect condition, and that he threatened •on the following morning to take down the remaining connecting wires although in a state of perfect insulation.

The plaintiffs claiming that the condition of their wires was due solely to the arbitrary and unjust refusal of the Board of Electrical Control to permit the plaintiffs to repair the same, without o which permit such repairs could not be made, and that their rights of property were in jeopardy and that the public authorities had no power to interfere with the conduct of their business in the manner in which it was proposed to do, obtained and served the temporary injunction granted herein. Upon argument this injunction was made permanent to the extent that the Board of Electrical Control were restrained and enjoined “ from removing or causing to be removed any of the poles or overhead wires or fixtures of the plaintiff in this city, except in the parts of said city where

suitable underground subways or conduits for the suitable reception of the overhead wires of plaintiff have been provided and made ready for the occupancy of plaintiff, and notice thereof given to plaintiff as required by statute, and except where such underground subways or conduits have been provided as aforesaid from preventing repairs of any of the poles or overhead wires or fixtures of the plaintiff, or the replacing of such poles or wires or fixtures as may be defective by proper poles or wires, and from ordering plaintiff to discontinue the use of its overhead wires or any of them except wires defectively insulated, and then only until such wires have been properly insulated or replaced by wires properly insulated.”

And the defendant, the commissioner of public works, was enjoined and restrained from removing or causing to be removed any of these poles, wires or fixtures except where suitable subways had been provided and notice thereof given, without first giving the plaintiffs written notice specifying in detail the particular wires or parts of wires defectively insulated or for other cause needing repairs or replacements or the particular poles or fixtures needing repairs or replacements and giving to plaintiff reasonable time to repair and replace the same and only upon the default of the plaintiffs to make such repairs or replacement after such reasonable time had elapsed after the giving of such notice.

From such order this appeal is taken.

It seems to us that but two questions are presented by this appeal and they are:

“ First. Even if the Board of Electrical Control in those cases where subways have not been provided have refused permission to these plaintiffs to make such repairs as were necessary to keep their plant in a perfect and safe condition, will such refusal excuse the plaintiffs for their failure so to do ? And secondly: Has the commissioner of public works the power to abate a public nuisance existing in the streets of the city of New York dangerous to the lives of its citizens without first going to the creator of the nuisance and informing him of the discovery of its existence by the authorities, and requesting him to abate the same, and thereafter waiting before proceeding to protect the lives of the citizens for some indefinite length of time called a reasonable time in order to see whether the creator of the nuisance will abate the same or not.

That the latter is a proposition presented by this appeal seems to have been conceded by the learned counsel for the plaintiffs upon the argument, and also by the learned judge in the court below. It was admitted upon the argument that, in the conduct of the business in which these plaintiffs are engaged, the wires employed for the conducting of the currents used by them for the purpose of lighting and the furnishing of power, unless perfectly insulated, are dangerous to human life; and without this admission, occurrences have taken place which demonstrate the proposition. The plaintiffs, therefore, are conducting a business by means of an apparatus and a force which, unless properly controlled, subjects every passerby in the streets of New York to the

The proposition, then, which is presented is in view of the rule of law requiring the plaintiffs, because of the dangerous character of the business which they are conducting, to use the highest degree of diligence. When the plaintiffs have failed to comply with this obligation, and when human life is threatened because of this failure, have not the public authorities, or for that matter any citizen, the right to at once remove such danger as a common nuisance ? We think there can be but one answer to this proposition ; and that, under such circumstances, the law allows this summary method of doing justice because injuries of this kind require an immediate remedy and cannot wait for the slow progress of the ordinary forms of judicial procedure. In other words, human life is more sacred than the forms of legal procedure.

When it is apparent, as in the case át bar, that the condition of the wires of the plaintiff is such that they are dangerous to human life, and that any passer by, without negligence on his part, is liable to be struck dead in the street, can it be said for a moment that the public authorities have no power to abate this nuisance and protect the lives of its citizens ? Indeed, it is one of their highest duties, and if they allowed such a condition of affairs to continue, might make the city itself liable for the damages sustained by reason of their negligence in not removing the common nuisance.

But it is said, upon the part of the plaintiffs, that our large investment of capital is thus left to the mercy of the public authorities, and that we are at least entitled to some notice of the defects complained of that we may remove the same. This proposition involves a claim upon the part of these corporations that the public authorities shall perform a duty which the law devolves upon themselves, namely, the proper inspection of their own apparatus, which is liable to become dangerous at any time, and the immediate remedying of the difficulty. It is not a part of the duty of the public authorities to inspect the apparatus of private corporations and warn them when such apparatus becomes dangerous to human life.

There is one fact which seems to be established beyond question upon the papers before this court; and that is, that at the time of the commencement of these actions the wires of these plaintiffs had become excessively dangerous by reason of defective insulation. Attention was called to this condition of affairs by the happening of accidents by which human life was sacrificed, and

But these plaintiffs when their wires got into such a condition concededly as made them public nuisances endangering human life, made not the slightest effort to compel the Board of Electrical Control, if they unjustly refused, to grant them permits to repair; and it is a very significant circumstance when we take into consideration the dispute that arose between the Board of Electrical Control and the plaintiffs.

If these electrical companies had been actuated by the slightest desire to put their apparatus in a condition such as would not endanger human life, they could easily have found a way to remove the obstruction which they claim was placed in their path by the Board of Electrical Control. It would seem that they were only too willing to attempt to shelter themselves behind the assumed unreasonableness of some of the regulations of the board and allow their apparatus to get into such a condition that it was dangerous to human life and become a public nuisance.

In the determination of the question as to whether the commissioner of public works should have been enjoined in the removal of those wires which were not properly insulated it is not necessary for us to consider or discuss this dispute. The mere fact that the Board of Electrical Control refused permits to which the plaintiffs were entitled, forms no excuse for their allowing these wires to got in this condition and remain so for the periods of time established by the papers before us.

There is no question but that if the operation of their system had depended upon the procuring of these permits to which they were entitled, the plaintiffs would have found ready means to call the Board of Electrical Control to reason. But by sheltering themselves under this, as they now claim, unauthorized action of the board, they undoubtedly thought themselves excused from the expenditures of money necessary to render their apparatus safe for operation. As has already been said, this formed no excuse for a longer time than would have been necessary to make an application to the courts to enforce their rights against the Board of Electrical Control.

It should be observed that the complaint alleges that whatever

It further appears from the papers in this case, that at the time of the commencement of these suits the wires of these companies were in a terrible condition in respect to imperfect insulation, •and that they were a menace upon all sides to the safety of the passerby upon the public streets.

The commissioner of public works, under these circumstances, in view of his duty to remove obstructions from the streets, whether dangerous to the citizens or otherwise, had the duty devolved upon him to abate the nuisance at the earliest possible moment. It is true that in taking such action he undoubtedly did so at his peril, and in an action brought against him for the violation of the property rights of any one of these companies he would be bound to show such a condition of affairs as rendered the existence of the wires so removed a public nuisance.

It is claimed, upon the part of the plaintiffs, that the Commissioner of Public Works asserted the right to remove a whole line of wire because of a single defect. This, however, does not seem to be clearly established. He undoubtedly had no right to remove more than was necessary to abate the nuisance. But this right existed in the Commissioner of Public Works in common with any ■other citizen who desired to use the streets of the city.

It is undoubtedly true that no power other than that connected with his office was conferred upon the commissioner by the resolution of the Board of Electrical Control or the direction upon the part of the mayor. The contingency had not arisen which authorized the Board of Electrical Control, as a body, to put the Commissioner of Public Works in motion; nor was the mayor authorized to confer any authority upon the commissioner in respect to this matter which he did not enjoy by virtue of his office.

Therefore, in the consideration of this question, it has not been deemed necessary to discuss the action of the Board of Electrical ■Control or of the mayor.

It has also been assumed that these plaintiffs have a right to continue and maintain overhead wires until the subways should be ready, provided such wires are maintained in such manner as not to be dangerous to human life; and that they have a right, when such wires become out of repair, to repair the same, subject to the reasonable regulations of the Board of Electrical Control,

The learned judge in the court below seems to have conceded these propositions, and said: “ The plaintiff owes a duty to the public to keep its wires safe, and if the board would not take the necessary action to enable it to remove dangerous wives and put up safe ones, it should have applied to the courts for relief.

“Under these circumstances 1 think it was not only a proper and necessary regulation for the board to require the plaintiff to discontinue the use of such overhead wires as were not properly insulated, but that it was the plain duty of the board to make such regulation. Whoever may be responsible for the failure to supply subways, and whether the plaintiff is wholly or only partially responsible for the fact that its unsafe wires were not repaired,when it became apparent that human life was endangered by reason of the imperfect insulation of some of its wires, it was the right and duty of the board to direct the immediate discontinuance of the use of such wires. Nor do I think it was necessary to the validity of such action that the plaintiff should have had notice and an opportunity to be heard and to remedy the defects before the resolution was adopted. A wire carrying a heavy current of electricity, and not properly insulated, is dangerous to life, and is a public nuisance, and I think the board had the right to direct the immediate discontinuance of such wires, without notice to the plaintiff. I am inclined to think, however, that the resolution which was adopted went too far in providing that such disconuance should continue until the expert of the board should certify that such wires were in a proper and safe condition. The plaintiff has no control over such expert, and it is possible that for reasons satisfactory to himself he might never give such a certificate, even if the wires were made perfectly safe.”

It would thus appear that his judgment was founded upon the assumption that the Commissioner of Public Works derived his authority to act from the Board of Electrical Control and the mayor; and that the action of the commissioner should not be controlled by the opinion of the expert of the Board of Electrical Control, and that the board had no power to compel the discontinuance of the wires until the expert should certify that such wires were in a safe and proper condition, and that the decision of the expert as to the want of safety of the wires would not necessarily justify the action of the commissioner.

In these latter propositions we think the learned judge was clearly right. But the commissioner of public works had aright to act both as a private citizen and by virtue of his office and to remove these obstructions which had become dangerous without notice to the plaintiffs; and therefore the injunction which was-granted was entirely too broad in restraining all action upon the part of the commissioner of public works until the companies, should have an opportunity to remedy the defects pointed out by him.

Considerable has been said upon the argument, and is also contained in the brief of the counsel of one of the parties plaintiff,

It may be true that the Board of Health, under the peculiar phraseology of the act conferring powers upon them, would have a right to remove these wires because dangerous to human life. But their power was not exclusive. The department of public works had a right also and it was its duty to keep the streets of the city of New York in a passable condition and to remove all obstructions which interfered with their use, and therefore had ample authority to abate this nuisance. If this was not so, will a court of equity intervene by injunction to restrain the abatement of a nuisance by the public authorities simply because the proper department is not acting ? We think not. The nuisance existing, the court will not limit its abatement to any particular officer of the municipality unless the exclusive power is plainly conferred upon one department. Even then the right of an officer of the municipality to act as a private citizen in a perfectly clear case would not be affected.

The counsel for the respondents, while apparently conceding the right of the commissioner of public works to remove an imperfectly insulated wire, urges that the right of removal must in the first place depend upon a determination by the commissioner of the condition of the fixture, and this he has no right arbitrarily to determine without notice and without affording the plaintiffs an opportunity to be heard, and if the pole or wire is defective or unsafe, it should not be removed or the nuisance abated without granting to the plaintiff an opportunity to remedy the alleged defect.

That the commissioner should not act arbitrarily and without a determination as to the condition and existence of the nuisance is undoubtedly correct. But where a party erects and maintains knowingly a public nuisance in the streets of New York necessarily dangerous to human life, we know of no rule of law which requires the public authorities or the public to abandon the streets until the party maintaining the nuisance shall have an opportunity to be heard as to its existence, and, after such hearing, an opportunity to remove the same.

In his proposition the learned counsel seems to us to overlook the important fact that it is because of the gross negligence of the-plaintiff that these wires were allowed to become a public nuisance, as they are conceded to have been at the time of the commencement of this action.

The plaintiffs have been guilty of a willful violation of a manifest duty in allowing these wires to become dangerous. They are without excuse, and when they claim that the destruction of these instruments of death, maintained by them in violation of every duty and obligation which they owe to the public, is an invasion of their rights of property, such claim seems to proceed upon the assumption that nothing has a right to exist except themselves.

It is idle to say that a party knowingly maintaining a nuisance which may at any time deal death to innocent passers-by can for

The commissioner had authority both as a private citizen and as a public official, charged by the duties of his office with the removal of obstructions from the streets of the city, to abate the nuisance complained of.

Some of the affidavits contained in the record appear to claim that the commissioner of public works, although not acting wantonly in his attempts to abate the existing nuisance, yet either had removed or threatened to remove before the hearing of the motion in the court below certain wires which were not in a defective condition; we have not deemed it necessary to advert to those claims because the complaint as filed contains no averments under which proof of such facts would be admissible, and as the relief granted must depend upon the allegations of the complaint, no such question is presented for consideration.

It follows, therefore, that the order appealed from should be reversed, with ten dollars costs and disbursements.

While concurring in the conclusion arrived at by the presiding justice and also in what he has so forcibly said, there are one or two additional considerations which it may perhaps not be unprofitable to place upon record.

■ We start with the constitutionality of the act of 1885 deliberately settléd by the court of appeals. Squire’s Case, 107 N. Y., 593 ; 12 N. Y. State Rep., 832. A careful comparison of that act with the act of 1887 shows no such divergence in the latter enactment as to render its constitutionality doubtful.

This has been affirmed in several cases. U. S. Illuminating Co. v. Hess, 19 N. Y. State Rep., 883; and see Western U. T. Co. v. Mayor, 38 Fed. R., 552 , and East River Electric Light Co. v. Grant, MSS. opinion, Ingraham, J. And it cannot be doubted that if the act of 1887 had been before the court of appeals, it would have received the same treatment as the act of 1885 ; for the principles enunciated by Ruger, Ch. J., in the Squire Case, supra, are directly applicable to the provisions of the later enactment. It is true that a literal and strained construction of § 4 of the act of 1887 might subject some of its provisions to constitutional objection. The plaintiffs have undoubtedly acquired property rights and franchises of which they cannot be deprived without just compensation. They are duly incorporated under legislative sanction. They have obtained the consent of the local authorities to their corporate use of the streets, and they have obtained this pursuant to legislative direction. Upon the faith of this authorization from the law-making power, they have expended large sums of money and otherwise acted upon the legislative license. From this condition of things two propositions flow.

First. The license having been acted upon, and something done by the licensee in consideration thereof, it has become invested with the qualities of a contract.

The purpose of the act of 1887 was largely to reaffirm the previous determination that all these dangerous appliances should be placed under ground ; and finally to complete its execution. Until the subways were ready for their occupation, the companies were permitted to proceed with the business for which they were organized, by means of the existing over-ground fixtures and apparatus. To maintain, until the completion of the subways, such existing fixtures, apparatus and wires as were really safe and as were covered by due previous authorization, these companies were not bound to procure a fresh permit from the new Board of Electrical Control. But they could not supplement such fixtures, apparatus or wires, nor otherwise add to their existing systems, without such a permit.

Nor could they continue even their existing systems at any point where, owing to non-insulation or defective apparatus, their wires had or might become dangerous to the community, at least until the apparatus had been rendered perfectly safe for the conduct of this intense electric agent

To that extent, and for the purpose in general of securing the public safety pending the construction of the sub-ways, the legis

This power must, of course, be exercised reasonably, but subject to this rule of reason and especially in view of the general purpose referred to, it is necessarily continuous; and it involves the authority, from time to time, to revoke such permits when public safety imperatively demands some modification of the deadly force or more perfect insulation or other safeguards.

It is clear to my mind that, in these particulars, there is in this act of 1887 a valid exercise of the police power and a valid delegation of such power to the board; and such is the true construction of the meaning and intent of the fourth section of that act.

If then the plaintiffs’ entire systems are necessarily and unavoidably dangerous to human life, as matter of fact, they can be restrained or abated by appropriate proceedings; for, so far as their mode of using electricity is thus dangerous to human life, it is without legislative authority, express or implied; and the systems, under such use, become nuisances. But the entire structure cannot be summarily destroyed, if the particular nuisance-can be otherwise restrained or abated. Where the offense consists in the wrongful use of what is harmless in itself, the remedy is to stop such use, not to tear down or remove the structure. Moody v. Board of Supervisors, 46 Barb., 665 , 666, citing Barclay v. Commonwealth, 25 Penn., 503 . If the entire system becomes, as a conclusive and openly apparent fact, so flagrantly and imminently dangerous to human life as to come within the principles governing conflagrations and pestilence, the corporate authorities-can doubtless summarily abate it.

If, however, the systems are not necessarily and unavoidably dangerous to human life, if they can be kept in a safe condition by active vigilance and proper repairs, they are permitted to continue until the subways are ready for their reception. In that case, however, while the entire system may not be a nuisance, each part of it which is suffered to become dangerous is a nuisance', and, as one of the learned counsel for the plaintiffs, justly and candidly conceded upon the argument, “ a nuisance of the highest kind.”

At this point, we come to the practical question raised upon the motion below. Here let me say that my difference is not with Mr. Justice Andrews’ opinion in the main, but with his order. That opinion is a careful, exhaustive and generally accurate statement of the facts and the law. Indeed, I cannot see-that we reach this point by different roads. The learned judge concludes that non-insulated wires are nuisances and that they should be promptly abated. But he thinks that before abatement by the public authorities, the companies should have notice and a reasonable opportunity to repair; and that an injunction, upon the facts before him, should issue to restrain a summary abatement of the nuisance or nuisances until the person attempting such abatement has given the companies this notice and suchzeasonable opportunity to repair.

Where, however, the thing sought to be abated is “intrinsically and inevitably a nuisance ” there, as is said by Judge Dillon, vol 1, § 379, “ the authority to preserve the health and safety of the inhabitants and their property” is a sufficient foundation for ordinance, suppressing and prohibiting it. “Much,” he adds, “must necessarily be left to the discretion of the municipal authorities, and their acts will not be judicially interfered with unless they are manifestly unreasonable and oppressive, or unwarrantably invade private rights or clearly transcend the powers granted to them.”

The cases cited abundantly establish the proposition that Mr. Gilroy had a right summarily to abate the common nuisance of any non-insulated wire found to exist in the plaintiffs' systems. He had this right both individually and officially, and he was not dependent for his justification upon either the resolution of the board or the order of the mayor. In Meeker v. Van Rensselaer, supra, the defendant was an alderman. He was sued for pulling down five dwelling houses, which were proved to be nuisances. He also proved that the board of health had directed the nuisances to be abated. The supreme court held that his justification on the latter head failed because the minutes of the board had not been produced. But the court said that, in its judgment, the proof was immaterial “ because the defendant did not need any authority from the board of health. As a citizen of the fifth ward who desired to preserve the public health, and especially as an alderman he was fully justified in every act done by him.” According to the ruling now under review, a court of equity might have enjoined that citizen and alderman until he had given the owners of the five houses notice and a reasonable opportunity to abate; and indeed.

To require a preliminary notice under such circumstances would be to paralyze the legal agencies provided to secure the safety of the inhabitants of the city and to set a premium upon corporate negligence. That too in a case where the highest corporate diligence is demanded. Nothing whatever should be permitted to stand between the officer of the municipality and the actually non-insulated wire; nor should he be hindered or delayed for one moment in his laudable purpose of protecting his fellow citizens by its neutralization. If in destroying its deadly force the officer exceeds his duty the remedy at law is ample. So also is the remedy in equity if he shall attempt unnecessarily to destroy the entire' system or so large a part of it as substantially to bring

But so long as he acts fairly and moderately, without wantonness or oppression, he has nothing to fear. At all events, the last thing that should be set in motion, to paralyze his honest efforts for the protection of human life, is the power of a court of equity, exercised on mere motion pendente lite. In my judgment this part of the order should be reversed, and the injunction as to Gilroy wholly dissolved. That part of the order which enjoins the Board of Electrical Control from preventing repairs was clearly unauthorized. It is in the nature of a final mandatory judgment and is in effect a peremptory mandamus granted before trial in an equity suit. The facts upon which it was granted showed that the only substantial dispute was as to the right to replace old wires by new ones, larger in size and of greater conductivity. The general right to repair had been conceded long before the commencement of these suits.

Upon these facts the utmost .that the plaintiffs would have been entitled to, even in a proper proceeding, was an alternative mandamus ; and in view of the discretion vested in the board with regard to fresh constructions and the probability that such discretion covered larger wires of greater conductivity, even an absolute denial of an application for a mandamus would have been justified.

Both upon the facts, then, and the law regulating such procedure, this part of the injunction should fall, with that which has been the main subject of consideration.

I concur in the additional suggestions contained in this opinion.

I concur with my brethren that the order appealed from should be reversed.

I regret that my duties in the oyer and terminer have been so prolonged that I am unable to state fully my views of the questions presented for consideration on this appeal, and I must content myself with a very brief opinion in order not to delay the decision herein.

Whatever rights the plaintiffs have acquired by legislative grant are subject to the dominant law of public safety; and it must be assumed that such rights were secured and invoked with knowledge of this controlling principle.

The legislature has no power to violate it, and consequently none to authorize an enterprise to be conducted in the public streets by the use of a death-dealing factor, unless the conditions imposed surrounding and controlling it are such as to secure the public safety, not for a time, but for all time during its use. And whenever this safety ceases to exist, the business immediately becomes a nuisance more or less, and may be abated as such by any citizen who chooses to exercise the power, he assuming only the responsibility of proving it to be as asserted.

Indeed the object of the subway, for which the legislature called and provided by various acts, is undoubtedly in part at least based upon the dangerous character of the plaintiffs, business

There should, in other words, be no intervals of this safety when life may be sacrificed by the condition of some instrument or agency used in the business.

This may seem to be a severe, even harsh, rule, but the duty to secure the public safety, the lives of citizens, renders its enforcement imperative. . _